Chapter 3 Review of Literature - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/22831/4/3review of lit._2_.pdf · provides the storehouse of remedies to cure all aliments of

Chapter 3

Phytochemical and Biological

Tiliaceae)

3.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

It is evident that without nature human being’s

three basic needs of human. These are food, clothing and shelter now fourth one is

good health, which is provided by plant kingdom. Nature stands a golden mark and

provides the storehouse of remedies to cure all aliments of m

represents a rich house of organic compounds, many of which have been used for

medicinal purposes. Plant has served as a source of new pharmaceutical products and

inexpensive starting material of

In traditional medicine, there are many plants or plant parts (natural crude

drugs) those have potential to treat many diseases and disorders.

fascicularis Lam. hav

Tiliaceae which is wide

Review of Literature

Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves

3.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

It is evident that without nature human being’s life is impossible. There are



provides the storehouse of remedies to cure all aliments of mankind. Plant kingdom



nexpensive starting material of synthesis of many known drugs.


drugs) those have potential to treat many diseases and disorders.

have reported that the plant Harankuri belongs to the

widely used in indigenous system of medicine1.

Corchorus fascicularis Lam.

eview of Literature

Leaves (Family-

Page | 18

life is impossible. There are



ankind. Plant kingdom




drugs) those have potential to treat many diseases and disorders. Corchorus

uri belongs to the family

Chapter 3 Review of Literature

Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves (Family-

Tiliaceae)

Page | 19

3.1 OCCURENCE2, 3:

Corchorus fascicularis Lam. is a member of the family Tiliaceae distributed in

almost all parts of the world and abundantly found in Australia, Tropical Africa, India

(Maharashtra; Gujarat; Punjab and Rajasthan).

3.1.1 Plant Profile2,3:

Botanical name : Corchorus fascicularis Lam.

Natural order : Tiliaceae

Habit : Herb and shrub

Distribution : Australia, tropical Africa, India (Maharashtra; Gujarat; Punjab;

Rajasthan).

3.1.2 Vernacular names2,3:

Arabic : Harankhuri

Bengal : Banapat, Bilnalita

Gujrathi : Chunchhadi, Ubhibhauphali

Hindi : Bankosta, Khetapat

Marathi : Harankuri, Motibhauphali

Sanskrit : Bhirupatrika, Chanchu, Chanchputra, Chanchura, Chhunchu,

Kalabhi, Sushaka, Vijala.

3.1.3 Scientific Classification:

Domain : Eukaryota

Kingdom : Plantae

Subkingdom : Viridaeplantae

Chapter 3

Phytochemical and Biological

Tiliaceae)

Phylum :

Subphylum :

Infraphylum :

Class :

Subclass

Superorder

Order :

Family

Subfamily

Genus

Species

Review of Literature

Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves

: Tracheophyta

: Euphyllophytina

: Radiatopses

: Magnoliopsida

: Dilleniidae

: Malvanae

: Malvales

: Tiliaceae

: Tilioideae

: Corchorus

: fascicularis

Leaves of Corchorus fascicularis Lam.

eview of Literature

Leaves (Family-

Page | 20



Tiliaceae)

Page | 21

3.2. INTRODUCTION TO FAMILY TILIACEAE3:

Plant is available as trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves are simple, alternate or

rarely opposite, basally veined, entire or serrate, sometimes lobed; stipule, when

present, caducous or persistent. Inflorescences are cymose or cymose-paniculate.

Flowers are bisexual or unisexual (plants dioecious), actinomorphic. Bracts is

caducous or sometimes large and persistent. 4 or 5 sepals appear as free or sometimes

basally connate, valvate. Petals are presented as many as sepals, sometimes absent,

free, usually glandular on adaxial surface. Androgynophore may be present or absent.

Stamens are numerous, rarely 5, free or connate into fascicles at base; anthers 2-

loculed, dehiscence longitudinal or apical; petaloid staminodes alternating with petals

or absent. Ovary superior, 2-6-loculed, sometimes more; ovules 1 to many per locule;

placentation is axile; style simple, sometimes free; stigma acute or peltate, usually

lobed. Fruit usually a drupe, capsule, or schizocarp, sometimes a berry or samara, 2-

10-loculed. Seeds are without aril, endosperm copious; embryo erect; cotyledons flat.

3.2.1 Genus Corchorus3:

Herbs or sub shrubs. Leaves petiolate; stipules filiform; leaf blade papery,

basal veins usually 3, usually with linear appendages at or near base, margin serrate,

serrulate, or crenate . Flowers solitary or several arranged in cymes, axillary or extra-

axillary, bisexual, yellow. Sepals 4 or 5 and Petals 4 or 5 while are glands absent.

Stamens 15 to many, on androgynophore, free; staminodes absent. Ovary 2-5 loculed;

ovules many per locule; style short; stigma peltate or disk-shaped, entire or lobed.

Fruit a capsule, cylindrical or globose, sometimes angled, 2-5-valved, loculicidally

dehiscent. Seeds are many.

3.2.2 Description of Corchorus fascicularis Lam.2,3:

It is an annual herb and shrub, glabrous, the branches are terrate. Leaves are

2.4 by 0.6-1.2 cm in measurement, elliptical oblong, obtuse, serrate, the lower

serratures, base rounded. Flowers are very short, pilose, stipules lanceolate- subulate.



Tiliaceae)

Page | 22

Fruit is a capsule, 8-15 mm long, often curved upwards from the underside of the

branches, cylindrical, beaked, 3 valved, septate between the seeds. Seeds are black

and smooth.

3.2.3 Members of the genus Corchorus4:

Followings species are member of genus Corchorus

Members of the genus Corchorus:

C. acutangulus · C. capsularis C. erinoceus

C. aesticans C. carnarvonensis C. erodioides

C. aestuans C. catharticus C. fascicularis

C. africanus C. cordifolius C. fruticulosus

C. alatus C. congener C. fuscus ·

C. aulacocarpus C. cunninghami C. gracilis

C. baldaccii C. deccanensis C. hirtus

C. bifurcatus C. depressus C.olitorius

C. brachycarpus C. discolor C.trilocularis

3.3. TRADITIONAL USES:

3.3.1 Leaves:

The leaves are tasty and sourly, cooling laxative, stimulant, tonic, and

aphrodisiac; destroy "tridosha"2,3. The edible leaves of Corchorus fascicularis Lam.

reported to contain some trace minerals useful to alleviate mineral deficiencies of the

human body5.

3.3.2 Seeds:

The seeds are hot with a sharp taste, alexipharmic, removes tumors, pain,

stomach troubles, skin diseases, and scabies (Ayurveda) 2,3.



Tiliaceae)

Page | 23

3.3.3 Whole plant:

The powder of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. was used as tonic for anaemic

patient6. This plant is reported for treatment of Dysentery, Diarrhoea and

Gynecological problems7,8. Corchorus fascicularis L. used for astringent, blood

purifier, concoctive, mucilaginous, resolvent and restorative 9,10. It was useful in

discharging ulcers, cures dysentery, piles, extract mixed with sugar candy as nutritive

tonic2,3. Corchorus fascicularis Lam. are also used in folk medicine notably the seeds

as laxative, the leaves to relieve stomach pains, the roots for treating toothache and

the stems for treating cardiovascular disorder11.

3.4. PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY:

A few numbers of constituent have been reported from the various species

of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. and they belong to glycosides, sterols, triterpenoids

and alkaloids.

3.4.1 Whole Plant:

Penta cyclic triterpenoids betulinic Acid and steroid β-sitosterol-D-glucoside

have been isolated4, on chemical examination it was concluded that, flavonoids were

present in whole plant extract12. Glycoside 2α, 3 ß, 20 ß, Urs - 12 en - 23 ß, 28 - dioic

acid 2, 3 - diacetate have been isolated and showed analgesic and anti pyretic

activity7.

3.4.2 Seeds:-

Glycosides-

A cardiac glycosides strophanthidin (1) - 3 - ß - D - bolvinosido - ß - D -

glucoside corchoroside A (2) components of glycoside mixture – olitoriside (3) have

been isolated from the seeds of Corchorus fascicularis L.7.



Tiliaceae)

Page | 24

1. Strophanthidin

3.4.3 Roots:

Triterpenoid-

From the roots of Corchorus fascicularis triterpenoids such as, Oxocorosin (4)

Urosolic acid (5) and corosolic acid (6) have been isolated7.



Tiliaceae)

Page | 25

3.5 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:

In Ayurvedic system of medicines the plant Corchorus fascicularis Lam. has

a large demand due to its use in the treatment of many chronic and acute diseases and

disorders. The literature reveals that Corchours fascicularis Lam. is ascribed to have

wide range of medicinal applications.

Corchorus fascicularis Lam. has been reported for physiological activity 13.

Corchorus fascicularis Lam. shows pharmacological actions of Anti-inflammatory,

astringent, blood purifier, concoctive, mucilaginous, resolvent, restorative9, 10. It

showed antihelmentic effect2,3. The ethanol extract showed spasmolytic effect 4, 12. It

showed analgesic and antipyretic effect9.

3.6 NEED OF THIS STUDY:

Herbal medicines are promising choice over modern synthetic drugs. There are many

allopathic treatments available in market and having a great demand for sexual

dysfunction with a greater side effect and tolerative effect after a long time use hence,

the herbal medicines are used. Herbal medicines are also in great demand in the

developed world for sexual dysfunction because of their efficacy, safety and lesser



Tiliaceae)

Page | 26

side effects. Hence, correct knowledge of such herbal drugs is very important aspect

in preparation, safety and efficacy of the herbal product. Most potent herbal

aphrodisiacs are available and have little or very little side effects 14.

The whole plant parts of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. is used traditionally to

cure various deceases and used for tonic in tribal communities of Satpuda Hill region

therefore, to understand the scientific reasons behind this folk claim. Hence, we

decided to isolate medicinal important chemical compounds from n-hexane,

chloroform and ethanol extract of leaves of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. with hope to

get some medicinally active ingredients. The potential work yet has not been done on

the leaves of the plant under investigation. One of our aim is also to modify the

method of isolation for its easy, less time consuming and without disrupting the

phytoconstituents by heating. For this purpose we here decided to use cold maceration

technique.



Tiliaceae)

Page | 27

3.7 REFERENCES:

1. Afaq, S. H. The identity of Hirankhuri. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy. 1971,

Vol.33 (2): 40

2. Kirtikar, K. R.; Basu, B. D. Indian Medicinal Plants, International Book

Distributor, Dehradun, India. 1996, 401-402.

3. Caius, J. F. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of India. Scientific publishers

(INDIA), 5th ed. 2003, 474-475.

4. Khan, M.S.Y.; Bano, S.; Javed, K.; Mueed, M. A. Journal of scientific and

industrial research. 2006, 65, 283-298.

5. Nemba, R.; Alphonse, M; Emadak, Gilbert, C.; Mouzong, C.; Nemba E. Journal

of Current Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science. 2012, 2(1), 17-23.

6. Patil, D. A. Flora of Dhule and Nandurbar Districts, Sing Bishen, Sing

Mahendrapalsing Dehradun. 2003, 112-113.

7. Sing, M.; Panda, H. Medicinal Herbs with their Formulations, Daya Publication.

2005, 289- 290.

8. Sing, V. K.; Govil, J. N.; Shammima, H.; Sing, G. Recent Progress in Medicinal

Plants, Vol.7, Ethno medicine and Pharmacognosy II, Stadium Press, USA. 2003,

353, 355.

9. Nadkarni, A. K. The Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan Mumbai. 2005,

378.

10. Drug Information System; (www.druginfosys.com).

11. Mbayem, S.; Nobak, S.; Sarr and Kanea, J.; Sambou, M.; Tidiane, B. A. African

Journal of Science and Technology (AJST). 2001, 2, 51-64.

12. Tariq, M.; Bhardwaj, S. L.; Sharma, R. C.; Gupta S.K.; Gupta, L. Indian Journal

of Experimental Biology. 1973, 11(3); 248-49.

13. Hossen, M.; Ali, M.; Begum, S.; Khatton, M.; Halim, A. Journal of Innovative

Development Strategy. 2008, 2 (3), 71-73.

14. Shah, B. N.; Seth, A. K. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology and

Research. 2010, 2, 121-124.

Documents

Chapter 3 Review of Literature - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/22831/4/3review of lit._2_.pdf · provides the storehouse of remedies to cure all aliments of