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fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 47
Odrd úoHq;fha wdprK yd fh§ï3
fuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka miq j Tng"
ksmqK;d ,nd .ekSug yelsjkq we;'
⌂
⌂
⌂
úÿ,sh mßyrKh"
úoHq;a Odrdjl ;dmk M,h flfrys n,mdk idOl yiqrejñkath WÑ; wkaoñka mßyrKh"
úoHq;a úÉfþok l%shdj,shg wkqj wjYH WmlrK f,daydf,amkh" úoHq;fha pqïnl M,h Ndú;hg .kakd WmlrK ir, wdldrfhka ks¾udKh lsÍu"
> úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKfha uQ,O¾u yd kshu Ndú;fhka úúOwegjqï ks¾udKh lsÍu iy tAjdfha ls%hdj,sh ms<sn| j wkafõIKh lsÍug"
fok ,o ;;a;aj hgf;a .Dy úoHq;a mßm: ie,iqï lsÍu iy wmf;a fkdhk mßÈ wdrlaIdldÍ j yd M,ÞhS f,i
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'48
ú,dhl fhdÞ we;s mßm:hla yryd .,k Odrdj ú,dhlfha kshñ; w.hg jvd jeä jQ úg tu lïìh ú,hkh ùfuka mßm:h úikaê ù .,k Odrdj k;r fõ' tu`.ska WmlrKh wdrlaId fõ' ú,dhl fjkqjg uE;l isg is`.s;s
mßm: ì¢k (miniature circuit breaker) Ndú; flf¾' 3'2 rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ iaúÉÑhl yevfhka hq;a fï Wmdx. úúO weïmshr w.hhka f.ka hqla; fõ' fujeks mßm: lvkhla fh¥ mßm:hl Odrdj kshñ; w.h blaujd .sh úg tys we;s iaúÉÑh iajhxl%Sh j újD; ù Odrdj k;r fõ' iaúÉÑh jeiSfuka mßm:h kej; iïnkaO l< yels fõ'
3'1 .Dyia: úoHq;a mßm:.Dy úoHq;a mßm: .ek i,ld ne,Sfï § tys we;s Wmdx. iy úÿ,sh mßyrKfha § wdrlaIl mQ¾fjdamdhhka ms<sn| uQ,sl oekqula ,nd.ekSu jeo.;a fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl úÿ,s cd, moaO;sfhka mdßfNda.slhdg imhk cj uQ,sl
úÿ,sh 230V fjda,aàh;djlska hqla; fõ' th 50Hz ixLHd;hlska hqla; m%;Hdj¾; Odrd ^m%'Od& iemhquls' ksfjilg úÿ,sh iemhqu fokq ,nkafka
iÔù (live) /yek iy WÞiSk(neutral) /yek jYfhka ye`Èkafjk /yeka follska iukaú; fiajd /yekla u`.sks'
.Dy úoHq;a mßm:hl we;s Wmdx.ú,dhlh (fuse)
mßm:hla ;=<ska wêl Odrdjla .,d hEfï § WmlrKj,g isÿ jk ydksh j<lajd .ekSug ú,dhl Ndú; flf¾' th Bhï iy áka ñY% f,dayfhka iE¥ isyska lïìhls' mßyrKfha myiqj
i|yd fuu lïìh 3'1 a yd b rEmj, ±lafjk mßÈ ms.kaueá w,a jl fyda ùÿre k<hl fyda
r|jd ;nd we;' 3A, 5A , 13A iy
15A jeks ksYaÑ; Wmßu Odrdjka ikakhkh l< yels ú,dhl lïì we;' ú,dhlhl mßm:
ixfla;h 3'1 c rEmfha ±lafõ'
3'2 rEmh
iaúÉÑh újD; jwe;'
iaúÉÑh jid we;'
OFF
ON
3'1 rEmh ú,dhl
ùÿre
ú,dhlfha mßm: ixfla;h
(c)
(b)ms.ka ueá
;=kS ú,dhllïì
f,dya
(a)
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 49
úÿ,s ógrh
.Dyia: úoHq;a mßm:hl m%fhdackhg .kakd úÿ,s tAll m%udKh uekSug úÿ,s ógrh Ndú; flf¾' mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk úoHq;a Yla;sh
ukskq ,nkafka lsf,dafjdÜ - meh (kWh) kï
tAllfhks' fuhska woyia lrkafka laIu;dj 1 kWjk úÿ,s WmlrKhla mehl ld,hla Ndú; lsÍfï § jeh jk úoHq;a Yla;sh lsf,dafjdÜ meh tlla jk nj hs' úÿ,sh m%fhdackhg .kakd wjia:dj, § úÿ,s ógrh ;=< we;s jD;a;dldr ;eáh N%uKh fõ' tu`.ska m%fhdackhg .kq ,nk úÿ,s tAll m%udKh igyka fõ'
3'4 rEmh - úÿ,s ógrh
3'3 rEmh - ú,dhlfha l%shdjfmkaúh yels mßm:h
L - iÔjN - WÞikS
3'5 rEmh - m%Odk iaúÉÑh
L N
1 kWh =
úÿ,s iemhqfï we;s iÔù iy WÞiSk hk /yeka fol u fuhg iïnkaO lr we;s w;r iÔù /yek i`oyd ú,dhlhla o fuys fhdÞ we;' iaúÉÑh újD; l< úg thg iïnkaO /yeka fol u úikaê ùfuka úÿ,s iemhqu k;r fõ' wjYH wjia:dj, § ksfjfiys iemhqu iïmQ¾Kfhka u úikaê lsÍug fuu iaúÉÑh Ndú; flf¾'
l%shdldrlu 3'1
A yd B y s lUs ,q a mirq e iú lr 3'3 rEmfh a
fmkja d we; s mrms :h iïnkOa lrkka ' A iy B
w;rg wdudk 36 ák a lïìhl flá È.l a ^3 cm l a muK& fhdÞ mßm:h iïm¾Q K lrkka ' úÿ, smyk ±,ùa ±h s fidÈa i s lrkka ' bkma i q 3'3 rEmfh a±lfa jk mßÈ úÿ, s myk yryd ¨ yjq ; a lÍs ul alrkka ' ^;;s a bß f¾Ldfjk a ±lfa jk mßÈ& ;k= Slïìhg l=ula isÿ fõ oehs ksÍlaIKh lrkak
fjdÜ m%udKh Ndú; lrk meh .Kk 1000
A B
fuys § mßm:h ¨ yqj;a lrk úg ;=kS lïìh ú,hkh jk nj;a mßm:h ì| jeàu ksid Odrdj k;r ù we;s nj;a Tng ±k.; yels h'
m%Odk iaúÉÑh
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'50
3'6 rEmh - mekakqï iaúÉÑh
mekakqï iaúÉÑh
úÿ,s iemhqfï iÔù iy WÞiSk/yeka mekakqï iaúÉÑhg iïnkaO lrwe;' fï iaúÉÑh yryd l%shd;aul jk.Dyia: mßm:fha fldgilska úÿ,shldkaÿ ù N+.; jQ ú.i fï iaúÉÑhiajhxl%Sh j újD; ùfuka úÿ,s iemhquúikaê fõ' thska wk;=re je<eflhs'
3'8 rEmh - iaúÉÑ " flfjks iy fmakq
iaúÉÑ ;=k;ks iúa ÉÑh iaúÉÑ fol
flfjkhs
fol=re fmakqj
;k= la r= e fmka jq
a
c
b
iaúÉÑ (Switch)
wjYH;djhg wkqj myka mßm:j,g iy flfjks mßm:j,g úÿ,s iemhqu iïnkaO lsÍug fyda úikaê lsÍug iaúÉÑ Ndú; flf¾' 3'8 a rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ ;ks iaúÉÑ" iaúÉÑ fol" iaúÉÑ ;=k jYfhka úúO iaúÉÑ j¾. we;' tl u ia:dkhlska myka lsysmhla md,kh lsÍug iuyr iaúÉÑ Ndú; l< yels h'
flfjks (Plug - base)
úoHq;a ;dml" rEmjdyskS hka;%fyda YS;lrK jeks WmlrKj,g úÿ,s iemhqu ,nd.ekSu i|yd 3'8 b rEmfha oelafjk wdldrfha flfjks Ndú; flf¾' 5A , 13A fyda 15A Odrdjka ,nd .; yels flfjks o we;'
L N
3'7 rEmh - úÿ,sh fnÞ yeÍfï Wmdx.
úfnÿï fmÜáh'
isÕs;s mßm: ì¢kh úfnÿï fmÜáh
ksfjfia úúO fldgiaj, we;s myka mßm: iy flfjks mßm: i`oyd iemhqu fnod yßkq ,nkafka úfnÿï fmÜáh u`.skss' tla tla mßm:j,g iÔù lïìh, ú,dhlhla fyda is`.s;s mßm: ì`Èkhla yryd iúlr we;'
uE;l isg úfnÿï fmÜáh fjkqjg isÕs;s mßm: ì¢k fmÜá Ndú; flf¾' iuyr isÕs;s mßm: ì¢k wvx.= fmÜáj, mekakqï iaúÉÑh wka;¾.; lr we;'
L - icSjN - WodiSkE - ìï.;
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 51
/yeka /yeka yrialv ks¾foaYs; j¾Kh Ndú; lrkixfla;h j¾.M,h Wmßu wjia:d
mm2 Odrdj (A)
1/ 1'13 1'0 11 r;= / l¿ myka mßm: i|yd 5Aflfjkss mßm:
i|yd7/ 0'50 1'5 15 r;=/ l¿ 15A flfjks mßm:
i|yd7/ 0'85 4 24 r;=/ l¿ cj lKqfõ isg
úfnÿï fmÜáh7/ 1'04 6 31 r;= / l¿ olajd cj iemhqu
,nd.ekSu i|yd7/0'67 - - fld<
3'1 j.=j - úÿ,s /yeka ms<sn| f;dr;=re
.Dy úoHq;a mßm:h
by; i|yka uQ,sl Wmdx. Ndú; lr ie,iqï lrk ,o .Dyia: úoHq;a mßm:hl ie,eiaula 3'10 rEmfha ±lafõ' fuys § fiajd iemhqfï isg tu Wmdx. lsishï wkqms<sfj<lg iïnkaO lr we;'
r;=$ÿUqre j¾Kj,ks a wdjrKh jQ lïì o WÞiSk lïìhg ks,a$l¿ j¾K j,ska wdjrKh jQ lïì o N+.; iïnkaOhg fld< $fld< - ly j¾Kj,ska wdjrKh jQ lïì o Ndú; flf¾' fïjd iïu; f,i fhdÞ.efka' ksfjfia mßm: iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd wjYH;d wkqj úúO j¾.fha /yeka Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fujeks úÿ,s /yeka lsysmhla ms<sn| f;dr;=re 3'1 j.=fjys ±lafõ'
3'9 rEmh - iïnkaOl lïì
}
flfjksj,ska iemhqu ,nd.ekSu i`oyd 3'8 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrfha fol=re fmakq iy ;=kal=re fmakq Ndú; flf¾' fuu iïnkaO;d ,nd.ekSug wms 3'9 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrfha foyr lïì iy f;yr lïì Ndú; lruq' iÔù iïnkaOhg
foyr lïì f;yr lïì
c
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'52
mejreu 1myka folla iy flfjkshla wvx.= jk mßÈ .Dy úoHq;a mßm:hla ie,iqïlrkka '
3'11 rEmh - foux iaúÉÑ'
.Dy úoHq;a mßm:hl uQ,sl Wmdx. myka iy flfjks mßm:
fiajd úÿ,s /yek .Dyia: úoHq;a mßm:hg iïnkaO jkafka m<uq j úÿ,s ógrh yryd h' iÔù /yek úÿ,s ógrhg iïnkaO lsÍug fmr ú,dhlhg iïnkaO lr we;s w;r tu ú,dhlh fiajd ú,dhlh f,i ye¢kafõ' úÿ,s ógrfhka miq j tu /yeka m%Odk iaúÉÑhg;a tys isg mekakqï iaúÉÑh yryd úfnÿï fmÜáhg;a iïnkaO lr we;' ksfjfia úúO fldgiaj,g wh;a mßm: úfnÿï fmÜáfhka wdrïN fõ' rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ ish¨ u úÿ,s WjdrK mßm:hg iudka;r.; f,i iïnkaO lr we;s nj fmfka'
L - iÔù lïìh
tlu úÿ,s mykla ia:dk foll isg l%shd lrùu i|yd fuu iaúÉÑ Ndú; l< yels h' 3'11 rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ foux iaúÉÑ Ndú; lr C lïìh A g fyda B g fyda iïnkaO l< yels h' tuÕska wÞ< iA:dkfha isg úÿ,s myk l%shd lrúh yels h'
ksoiqk :- ;rmamq fma<shl by< iy my< isg úÿ,s myka ±,aùfï §
foux iaúÉÑ
iïnkaO lsÍu
N - WÞikS lïìhE - N.+ ; lïìh
3'10 rEmh - .Dyia: úoHq;a mßm:h
B - n,naPB - flfjks
S - iaúÉÑ
úfnÿï
úÿ,s ógrh
m%Odk iaúÉÑhfiajd
fmÜáh
B3
E
PB
N
L
B1 B2
S1 S2 S3
js,dhlh
iaúÉÑhmekakqï
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 53
úÿ,sh mßyrKfha § ms<smeÈh hq;= wdrlaIl ms<sfj;a
! mßm:fha .,k Wmßu Odrdj blaujd fkdhk mßÈ WÑ; weïmshr w.hhkaf.ka hq;a ú,dhl lïì Ndú; lrkak'
! nyq fmakqjla (multi plug) Ndú;fhka tl u flfjkshg jeä úÿ,s m%udKhla mßfNdackh lrk WmlrK lsysmhla iú fkd lrkak'
! flfjksh ;=<g lïì fl<ska u we;=¿ fkd lrkak' f,day wdjrK iys; WmlrKj,g úÿ,sh iïnkaO lsÍfï § iEu úg u N+.; iïnkaOh o fhdÞ.kak'
! mekakqï iaúÉÑfha fidaÈis fnd;a;u Èk lsysmhlg j;djla ;o lsÍfuka th l%shd;aul jkafka ±hs fidaÈis lrkak'
! mekakqï iaúÉÑh iajhxl%Sh j újD; jqjfyd;a m<uq j m%Odk iaúÉÑh újD; lrkak' bkamiq mekakqï iaúÉÑh jikak' Bg miq m%Odk iaúÉÑh jikak' mekakqï iaúÉÑh kej; újD; fõ kï úÿ,s ld¾ñlhl=f.a iydh ,nd.kak'
! ;djld,sl j úÿ,s os.=jla ,nd.ekSfï § wyqre mqjrejla (extension board) Ndú; l< hq;= h' wjYH WmlrKh iïnkaO lsÍfuka miq j úÿ,s iemhSu l< hq;= h'
! úÿ,s n,h weKysàula isÿ jqjfyd;a mßm:hg WmlrK iïnkaO lr ;eîu fyda iaúÉÑ jid ±óu fyda (on) fkd l< hq;= h'
! úÿ,s .sks we;s ùï jeks yÈis wjia:djl § úÿ,sh úikaê lsÍu i|yd m%Odk iaúÉÑh Ndú; lrkak'
! úÿ,s WmlrK Ndú; fkdlrk wjia:dj, § tAjdfha fmakq, flfjksfhka úikaê lr ;nkak'
! úÿ,s bia;sßlal jeks WmlrK Ndú; lrk úg rn¾ m,ila u; isàu fyda rn¾ mdjykaa me<`o isàu wdrlaId iys; fõ'
! wjYH kv;a;= lsÍfï lghq;= i|yd mqyqKq úÿ,s ld¾ñlhl=f.a fiajh ,nd.; hq;= h'
f.or úÿ,s msßjeh wvq lruq
mejreu 2
Tfí ksjfia we;s úÿ,s ógrfha ^fkdtfia kï Tnf.a lKavdhfï idudðlfhl=f.a ksjil& mdGdxlh igyka lr.kak' tfia u Èkh yd ld,h o igyka lr.kak' i;s follg miq j mdGdxlh kej; igyka lr.kak' Ndú; l< úÿ,s tall .Kk .Kkh lrkak' B <`. i;s fol i|yd o th kej; lrkak' tfy;a fuu ld,iSudj ;=< wkjYH úÿ,s myka iy úÿ,s mxld l%shd úrys; lrkak' fuys§ Tng iQ;%sld myka fjkqjg CFL n,an fhÈh yels kï b;d fyd| h' bkamiq j tu i;s folg jeh jQ úÿ,s tall .Kk .Kkh lrkak' m<uq i;s fofla;a" B <`. i;s fofla;a Ndú; l< úÿ,s tall j, fjki fidhkak' tu`.ska Tng b;sß l< yels Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak' ^lsf,dafjdÜ - meh j,ska&
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'54
fuys § lïìh r;a ù we;s nj Tng ±fkkq we;' lïìh ;=<ska úoHq;a Odrdjla .uka lsÍu ksid th r;a ù we;s nj ñka meyeÈ,s fõ' fuh úoHq;fha ;dmk M,h f,i ye¢kafõ'
3'13 rEmh - Odrdfõ ;dmk M,h wOHhkhl< yels mßm:hla
uk:a h
WIKA ;ja udkh
oÕrh
c,h
îlrh
3'12 rEmh - Odrdfõ ;dmk M,hy`ÿkd.ekfS ï mßm:h
kfs ld% ïa oÕrhl%shdldrlu 3'2
isyska ksfl%daï lïì oÕrhl 2 cmla È.lene,a,la f.k th 3'12 rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ úh<s fldaIhlg yd h;=rlg iïnkaO lrkak' ;;amr 30la muK h;=r jid (on) ;nd lïì oÕrh iam¾Y lrkak' Tng l=ula ±fka o @ th WKqiqï fyda isis,a fyda fõ o@
3'2 Odrdfõ ;dmk M,húoHq;a Odrdjla ksid we;s jk ;dm W;amdokh Odrdfõ ;dmk M,h f,i
ye¢ka fõ'
Tn okakjd o @
bf,lafg%dak" lïìhla ;=<ska .uka lrk úg tAjdg ;u Yla;sfhkafldgila lïìh ;=< we;s mrudKqj,g ,nd Èh yels h' túg mrudKqjeä lïmkhlg Ndckh ùu ksid lïìh r;a fõ'
úoHq;fha ;dmk M,h jeä lr.; yelafla flfia o @ tA i`oyd wm l=uk idOlhla fjkia l< hq;= oehs i,ld n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 3'3
wvla c,fhka msr jQ l=vd îlrhlaf.k th ldâfndaâ mshklska jikak'3'13 rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ c,h ;=<g 2 cm la È. ksfl%daï lïì oÕrhla we;=¿ lr tys w.% fmkajd we;s mßÈ mßm:hg iïnkaO lrkak' c,h ;=<g WIaK;ajudkhla we;=¿ lrkak' h;=r jid c,h uka:fhka l<;kak' úkdä 5l ld,hlg miq j c,fha WIaK;ajh ukskak' úh<s fldaI folla Ndú; lr by; l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak'
úh<s fldaI folla fYa%‚ .;j Ndú; lr by; l%shdldrlu isÿ lsÍfï § iemfhk Odrdj jeä jk neúka ;dmk M,h jeä jk nj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
m%;sfrdaOh fjkia lsÍfuka ;dmk M,h fjkia jk whqre my; i|ykal%shdldrlu Wmfhda.S lrf.k fidhd.; yels h'
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 55
l%shdldrlu 3'4
l%shdldrlu 3'3ys Ndú; l< WmlrKfha oÕrh bj;a lr tA fjkqjg tu lïì oÕrfha u 4 cm l a È. lene,a,la fhdokak 'ie'hq' l%shdldrlu 31'2 cm lïìh ;=<ska hejQ Odrdju fuu l%shdldrlfï§ o 4 cm lïìh ;=<ska heúh yel' h;=r jid c,h uka:fhka l<Ukak' úkdä 5 l ld,hlg miqj c,fha WIaK;ajh ukskak' fuu WIaK;ajh l%shdldrlu 3'3 ys m<uq mshjfrys WIaK;ajh yd ii|kak'
Tn okakjd o@
iemhqï fjda,aàh;dj = V ^fjda,aÜ&oÕrh ;=< Odrdj = I ^weïmshr&oÕrfha m%;sfrdaOh = R ^´ï&Odrdj hejQ ld,h = t ^;;amr&iïfm%aIKh jQ úoHq;a Yla;sh = VIt = I 2 Rt =
2V t ^cQ,a& R
3'14 rEmh - Odrdfõ ;dmk M,h wOHhkh l< yels ;j;a mßm:hla
WIKA ;ja udkhc,h
îlrh
oÕrh
3'15 rEmh - úoHq;a m%;sfrdaOh flfrys n,mdkidOl fiúh yels mßm:
úÿ,s mkaoï n,anh
lsUq,a miqre
uk:a h
fuys § c,fha WIaK;ajh m<uq wjia:djg jvd jeä jk nj fmfka'oÕrfha È. jeä jk úg tys m%;sfrdaOh jeä jk neúka m%;sfrdaOh jeäùfï §;dmk M,h jeä jk nj ñka meyeÈ,s fõ'
l%shdldrlu 3'5
tlu oÕrh iy tl u fjda,aàh;d iemhqu Ndú; lr Odrdj hjkld,h fjkia lrñka l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak'
fuys § Odrdj hjk ld,h jeä jk úg c,fha WIAK;ajh jeä jk njTng ksÍlaIKh l< yels fõ' tu ksid Odrdj hjk ld,h jeäj;a u ;dmkM,h o jeä jk nj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
ikakdhlhl È. jeä jk úg m%;sfrdaOh fjkia jk whqre my; i|yka l%shdldrlfuys fh§fuka wjfndaO lr.; yels h'
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'56
fuys § ;ks lïìh fjkqjg lïì folla Ndú; lsÍfuka úÿ,s myfka§ma;sh jeä jk nj fmfka' lïì folla Ndú; lsÍfï § yrialv j¾.M,h jeä jk neúka tys m%;sfrdaOh wvq jk w;r úÿ,s myfka §ma;sh jeä fõ'
ikakdhlfha m%;sfrdaOh th idÞ we;s øjH u; r|d mj;skafka flfia ±hsfidhd n,uq'
úÿ,s myfka §ma;sh m<uq wjia:djg jvd fjkia jk nj Tng fmfkkq we;' tu ksid lïìfha È. iy yrialv j¾.M,h tl u jqj;a th idÞ we;s øjH wkqj o m%;sfrdaOh fjkia jk neúka úÿ,s myfka §ma;sh fjkia jk nj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;' Odrdjl ;dmk M,h Ndú; lrk .Dyia: WmlrK lsysmhla my; 3'17 rEmfha fmkajd we;' Tfí ksfjfia we;s úoHq;a WjdrK ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lrkak' my; § we;s WmlrK iuyrla Tfí ,ehsia;=fõ we;s ±hs fidaÈis lrkak'
3'16 rEmh - ikakdhlfha yrialvj¾.M,h jeä lr.; yels wdldrh'
l%shdldrlu 3'6
lsUq,a miqre A iy B ys msysgk mßÈ fmkajd we;s mßm:h iïnkaO lrkak' mßm:h iïmQ¾K lsÍug Tng wdudk 30la jQ 30 cm la muK È. ksfl%daï lïìhla wjYH fõ' lïìh u; miqre lsÜgqfjka ;nd úÿ,s myfka §ma;sh ksÍlaIKh lrkak' by; miqre wE;g p,kh lrkak' úÿ,s myfka §ma;sh by; wjia:dj yd ii|kak'
l%shdldrlu 3'8
by; 3'7 ls%hdldrlfuys Ndú; l< lïìh u; 20 cm l mr;rhlska miqre;nd úÿ,s myfka §ma;sh n,kak' ±ka ksfl%daï lïìh fjkqjg tu È.ska iy tu yrialv j¾.M,fhka wdudk 30& hq;a ;U lïìhla fhdod úÿ,s myfka §ma;sh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
fuys § miqre <x lrk úg úÿ,s myfka §ma;sh jeä jk nj;a wE;a lrkúg §ma;sh wvq jk nj;a Tng fmfkkq we;' ikakdhlhl È. jeä jk úg tys m%;sfrdaOh jeä jk neúka myfka §ma;sh wvq jk w;r ikakdhlfha È. wvqjk úg úg m%;sfrdaOho wvq jk neúka n,Anfha §ma;sh jeä fõ'
ikakdhlfha yrialv j¾.M,h jeä jk úg m%;sfrdaOh fjkia jk whqre fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 3'7
by; mßm:hg 3'15 rEmh& Ndú; l< lïìh u; 20 cm l mr;rhlska miqre ;nd úÿ,s myfkaa §ma;sh n,kak' yrialv j¾.M,h fo.=Khla lr .ekSug ksfl%daï lïìfha ;j;a i¾jiu lene,a,la miqre w;rg tl;= lrkak' by; wjia:dfõ myfka §ma;sh yd ii`okak'
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 57
3'17 rEmh - úoHq;a WjdrK lsysmhla
.s,a ï ;dmlhúÿ,s fla;,h
úÿ,s bia;sßlalh
úÿ,s fmdarKqj úÿ,s fgdaiagrh úÿ,s Wÿk
l%shdldrlu 3'9
îlrhl we;s f,day bf,lafg%davfollg 3'18 rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈmßm:h iïnkaO lrkak' îlrh ;=<g øjhla j;a lrkak' iaúÉÑh uÕska mßm:h iïnkaO lr úÿ,s myk ±,afõ ±h s ksÍlaIKh lrkak' fuh
wdi%e;c,h" NaCl ødjKh" úkdlsß"
mer*ska iy ;kql HCl iuÕ w;ayÞ n,kak' Tn tla tla øjhla udre lrk iEu wjia:djl u bf,lafg%dav fia§ug u;l ;nd.kak'&
n,na h
wefkdva h
lef;dva h
úoHq;a úÉfþoHh
fuys § øjh f,i NaCl ødjKh, úkdlsß yd ;kql HCl Ndú; lrk úg úÿ,s myk ±,afjk nj;a wdi%e; c,h yd mer*ska fh¥ úg úÿ,s myk fkd ±,afjk nj;a Tng ±l.; yels h' ødjK ;=<ska úÿ,sh ikakhkh jk úg úÿ,s myk ±,afjk w;r úÿ,sh ikakhkh fkd jk úg úÿ,s myk fkd ±,afjk nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ'
úohq;h ikakhkh lrk ødjK fyda ú,Sk ixfhda., úohq;a úÉfþoH f,i ye¢kafõ'
3'18 rEmh - úoHq;a úÉfþoH y÷kd.ekSug Ndú; lrk WmlrKh
3'3 Odrdjl ridhksl M,h
iEu ødjKhla ;=<ska u úoHq;h ikakhkh fõ o@ my; l%shdldrlu weiqßka tA ms<sn|j fidhd n,uq'
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'58
úoHq;a úÉfþoHhla ;=< nyd we;s ikakdhl f,i ye¢kafõ' fuys úoHq;a úÉfþoHhg Odrdj we;=¿jk bf,lafg%davh wefkdavh f,i o" Odrdj úoHq;a úÉfþoHh yer hk bf,lafg%davh lef;davh f,i o ye¢kafõ' øjhla ;=<ska úoHq;h .uka lrk úg lef;davh iy wefkdavh wi, ridhksl m%;sl%shd isÿ fõ' tuÕska øjfha ridhksl fjkila we;s flf¾' fuh úoHq;a úÉfþokh f,i ye`Èkafõ' úoHq;a úÉfþoHh i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrKh fjda,agdudkh ^fjda,aÜógrhla fkd fõ& f,i ye¢kafõ' Ndú; lrk bf,lafg%dav yd úoHq;a úÉfþoHh wkqj fjda,agdudkh kï flf¾' ksoiqk :-
bf,lafg%dav f,i ;U iy úoHq;a úÉfþoHh f,i ;U ,jK ødjKhla Ndú; lrk úg th ;U fjda,agdudkhla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
bf,lafg%dav
c,h úoHq;a úÉfþokh l< úg isÿ jkafka l=ula ±hs fidhd n,kak'
l%shdldrlu 3'10
ma,eákï bf,lfg%dav folla iys; c, fjda,agdudkhla rEmfhys olajd we;s mßÈ negßhlg iïnkaO lrkak' c,h ÿn, úoHq;a ikakdhlhla neúka th úoHq;a úÉfþoHhla njg m;a lsÍug i,a*shqßla wï,h iaj,amhla tla l< hq;= h'& Tfí ksÍCIKh igyka lr .kak' 3'19 rEmh - c,fha úoHq;a úÉfþokh i|yd
Ndú; lrk WmlrK
Tlia cs ka ùÿreng
yhvs c% ka
c,h
m,a eákïbf,lafg%dav
l%shdldrlu 3'11
3'20 rEmfha fmkja d we;s mßÈ ;Ufjd,a ga dudkhla ilid th mßm:hgiïnkOa lrkka ' úoH;q a úÉfþoHh ±óugfmr tla tla ;U bf,lfa gd% va f,na ,a lrila kOa h .?a ï 0'1la olja d k¾s joH;djhlks a fidhd.kka ' úkdä 30l muK ld,iuS djla ;<= weïmhs r 0'5l muK Odrdjla imhkka ' bf,lfa gd% va bj;a lr mf% õifuka úh<d tla tla bf,lfa gd% va fhys kj ila kOa ,nd.kka '3'20 rEmh - CuSO
4 úoHq;a úÉfþokh
i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrKh
wefkdva h
lef;dva h
fldm¾ i,af*aÜødjKh
Odrdj .,k úg (+) wefkdavh iy (-) lef;davh hk ia:dk fofla § u jdhqnqnq¨ we;s jkq fmfka' Tng fuu jdhq tl;= lr mÍlaId l< yels kï wefkdavfha § Tlaiscka jdhqj o lef;davfha § yhsv%cka jdhqj o msg jk nj fidhd.; yels fõ' fuys § úoHq;a Odrdj uÕska c,fha ridhksl M,hla we;s lrñka th Tlaiscka yd yhsv%ckaj,g fjka lrk nj;a tys jdhq mßud wdikak jYfhka 1 ( 2 wkqmd;h ork nj;a Tng ±l.; yels fõ'
fldm¾ i,af*aÜ úoHq;a úÉfþokh l< úg isÿjkafka l=ula ±hs fidhd n,uq'
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 59
fuys lef;davfha ialkaOh jeä ù we;s w;r Bg iudk m%udKhlskawefkdavfha ialkaOh wvq ù we;s nj fmfka' tu ksid fjda,agdudkh ;=<ska úoHq;aOdrdj .uka lsÍfï § bf,lafg%dav wi, ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla isÿ ù we;s nj
meyeÈ,s fõ' ^-& lef;davfha ialkaOh jeä ù we;s w;r th §ma;su;a kj ;Uwdf,amhlska wdjrKh ù we;' th ;Uj,ska f,d aydf,amkh ù we;ehs lshkq ,efí'
úoHq;a úÉfþoHhla ;=<ska úoHq;h ikakhkh jQfha flfia oehs fidhd n,uq' fldm¾ i,af*aÜys wKqjl ridhksl iQ;%h CuSO fõ' fldm¾ i,af*aÜ4
2-2+c,fha Èh l< úg th Cu iy SO whk fol tlsfklska fjka fõ' fuu whk 4
úoHq;a úÉfþoHh ;=<ska Odrd f.k hdug Wmldß fõ'
wefkdavh wi, fldm¾ mrudKqj (Cu)" bf,lafg%dak 2 la msglrñka 2+fldm¾ whkhla (Cu ) njg m;afõ' úcd;Sh wdfrdamK tlsfkl wdl¾IKh
2+ lrk neúka fuu Cu whkh iDK lef;davh foig .uka lr tys § bf,lafg%dak 2la ,ndf.k fldm¾ mrudKqjla njg m;a ù lef;davh u;
2- ;ekam;a fõ' SO whk Ok wefkdavhfoig .uka lr úoHq;a mßm:h iïmQ¾K 4
lrhs'
úoHq;a f,daydf,amkh (electroplating)
jia;=jla u; ;U wdf,am lrk whqre my; l%shdldrlfuka ±lafõ'
3'21 rEmh - úoHq;a f,daydf,amkh i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrKh
wefkdva h
f,dayuhjia;=j
fldm¾ i,af*aÜødjKh
l%shdldrlu 3'12
l%shdldrlu 3'11ys ;U lef;davhfjkqjg msßisÿ f,day jia;=jla ^ksoiqk h;=rla fyda f,dayuh neÊ tlla jeks& fhdodf.k weïmshr 0'5 muK Odrdjla úkdä 30l muK ld, iSudjla ;=< úoHq;a úÉfþoHh ;=<ska hjkak' lef;davhg iïnkaO l< jia;=j bj;g f.k ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
Tn okakjd o@
úoHq;a úÉfþokfha § lef;davh u; ;ekam;a jk f,dayj, ialkaOhfjda,agdudkh ;=<ska hjk Odrdfõ w.hg o" Odrdj hejQ ld,hg o iudkqmd;slfõ' fuh m<uqfjka u fidhd.kq ,enqfõ uhsl,a *erfâ kï úoHd{hd úisks'
fuys § f,dayuh jia;=j ;Uj,ska wdf,am ù we;s nj Tng ±l.; yels h'úoHq;a úÉfþokh uÕska tla f,dayhla u; ;j;a f,dayhla wdf,am lsÍu úoHq;af,daydf,amkh f,i ye¢kafõ'
Tn isÿ l< l%shdldrlu 3'12ys ;U wdf,am lsÍug iudk wdldrhlska ߧ wvx.= fjda,agdudkhl lef;davh jYfhka fh§fuka f,day ye¢j, ߧ wdf,am l< yels fõ' fudag¾ r: iy nhsisl,a i`oyd fl%dañhï wdf,am lrkafka o fuu f,daydf,amk l%ufhks'
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'60
ud,sud lgqfõ W;al%uKfha fjkila we;s jk nj Tng ±l.; yels h'Odrdfõ ÈYdj m%;sj¾; lrk úg W;al%uKfha ÈYdj o fjkia fõ' ud,sud lgqfõ W;al%uKfha fjkila isÿjkqfha pqïnl lafIa;%hla yg.;a ksid h' tu ksid ikakdhlhla ;=<ska úoHq;a Odrdjla .uka lsÍfï § th jgd pqïnl lafIa;%hla we;s jk nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'
oKav pqïnlhla wjg pqïnl lafIa;%h ilia ù we;af;a flfia ±hs fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 3'13
3'22 rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ mßm:fha lïìh ud,sud lgqjg by<ska w,a,kak' ;;amr lsysmhla iaúÉÑh ;o lrkak' Odrdj .,k úg ud,sud lgqj ksÍlaIKh lrkak' Odrdfõ ÈYdj m%;sj¾; lr ud,sud lgqfõ W;al%uKh kej; ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
3'22 rEmh - wZiga â mÍlIa Kh i|ydwegjuq
iúa ÉÑh
ud,us dj
fldIa h
3'23 rEmh - oKav pqïnlhla wjg pqïnllfa I;a h%
hlv l=vq pqïnllfa I;A f% ha yevhfmkja h's
fmd;a
ùÿre ;yvqjg fydalvÞishlg fydaháka ;nd we;s
pïq nlh
úoHq;a úÉfþokfha Ndú;
! úoHq;a f,daydf,amkh
u, ne£fuka j<lajd .ekSu i|yd uq¿;ekaf.hs fndfyda WmlrK ksl,aj,ska wdf,am lr we;' jdyk fldgiaj, fl%dañhï wdf,am lr we;'
! ;U msßmyÿj
wefkdavh f,i wmsßisÿ ;U fhdok ,oafoa jqj o ;U f,daydf,amkfha § lef;davhg mßKdukh jk ;U b;d msßisÿ fõ' fï l%shdj,sh úÿ,s flan, i|yd msßisÿ ;U ksIamdokh lsÍug Ndú; flf¾'
! fidaähï iy we¨ñkshï ksiaidrKh
fidaähï i`oyd idudkH Kq o we¨ ñkshï i`oyd we¨ ñkshï Tlaihsv o Ndú; lr úoHq;a úÉfþokh u`.ska fidaähï yd we¨ ñkshï ,nd.kshs'
3'4 Odrdjl pqïnl M,h
úoHq;hg pqïnl M,hla we;s nj 1819 § yEkaia ls%iaàka wZiagâ úiska fidhd .kakd ,§' úoHq;a Odrdjl pqïnl M,h wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd 3.13 l%shdldrlu w;ayÞ n,kak'
l%shdldrlu 3'14
oKav pqïnlhla u; lvÞishla fyda ;=kS ùÿre ;yvqjla fyda ;nkak' lvÞish fyda ùÿre ;yvqj fyda u; hlv l=vq ;=kS ;Ügqjla úiqrejd fifuka ;Ügq lrkak' Tfí ksÍlaIK igyka lr.kak'
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 61
oKav pqïnlhla wjg mj;akd pqïnl lafIa;%h n,f¾Ld u.ska ksrEmKh l< yels h' lvÞishg fyda ùÿre ;yvqjg ;Ügq lrk úg hlv l=vq tA u; úisÍ hhs' tys § hlv l=vq b;d l=vd ud,sud oyia .Kkla f,i l%shdlrñka oKav pqïnlfhka yg.kakd lafIa;%h Tiafia fhduq fõ' tu ksid 3'23 rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ hlv l=vq ieliS we;s wdldrh u`.ska pqïnl n,f¾Ld ksrEmKh l< yels h'
È.= oÕrhla fyj;a mßkd,sldjla ;=<ska úoHq;a Odrdjla .uka lrk úg thwjg 3'24 - a rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ pqïnl lafIa;%hla yg .kS' fuu pqïnl lafIa;%h oKav pqïnlhla wjg pqïnl lafIa;%hg iudk fõ' tu ksid Odrdjla /f.k hk È.= oÕrhla fyj;a mßkd,sldjla oKav pqïnlhla f,i l%shd lrk nj wmg fmfka' tjeks pqïnl" úoHq;a pqïnl (electro magnets) f,i ye¢ka fõ' mßkd,sldjla ;=<ska úoHq;a Odrdj .uka lrk ÈYdj wkqj mßkd,sldfõ tla tla fl<jr yg .kakd O%ej 3'24 b rEmh weiqßka y÷kd.; yels fõ'
3'24 rEmh - Odrdjla /f.k hk mßkd,sldjla wjgpqïnl lafIa;%h
a b
3'25 rEmh - úoHq;apqïnlhl m%n,;djfidhd ne,Su i|ydwegjuqlvodis la,sma
oÕrh ;Ulïì
ma,diaálangh
l%shdldrlu 3'15
! kQ,a T;k m,a diáa l a nghl a f.k th jgd mßjrKh l< ;U lïì wdudk 30 l ayd 30swg) fmdgj, a 50l a T;kka '
! .e,ja khis a lïì wÕ, a 2l lene,js ,g lmd tjA dhks a lene, s lys ms hlangh ;<= ;nkka '
! o`.rfh a w.j% , mßjrKh bj; a lr weuß fld<hl a fyd a mys hs l a Ndú;fhk&a tl atl a w. % rEm igyfky s ±lfa jk mßÈ mßm:hg iïnkOa lrkka ' 3.25 rEmh&
! mßm:fh a iúa ÉÑh jid o`.rfh a tl fl<jrl a wi,g lvÞi s l,a ms a f.ktkka '
! .e,ja khis a lïì uÕks a fkdjeà t,,a hs yel s Wmßu lvÞi s l,a ms a ixLHdj.Kk a lrkka '
! fldaI .Kk jeä lr by; l% shdldrlu kej; lrkak'tfuk a u fojkjq o`.rfha fmdgj,a .Kk 100 olajd jeä lr m<uql%shdldrlu kej; lrkak' .e,ajkhsia lïì jeä m%udKhla ngh ;=<g we;=¿ lr m<uq l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak'
úoHq;a pqïnlhl pqïnl lafIa;%m%n,;dj flfrys my; i|yka idOln,mdk whqre fidhd n,uq'
!
!
!
Odrdfõ úYd,;ajh
oÕrfha fmdgj,a .Kk
uDÿ hlv yrh fjkia lsÍu
Odrdjla /f.k hk È.= oÕrhla wi, pqïnl lafIa;%h
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'62
fuys § oÕrh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj o" oÕrfha fmdgj,a .Kk o" uDÿ hlvyrh o jeä jk úg § pqïnl lafIa;% m%n,;dj jeä jk nj fuhskaa meyeÈ,s fõ'fuys § fldaI .Kk o" oÕrfha fmdgj,a .Kk o yrfha .e,ajkhsia lïì .Kko jeä lrk úg t,a,sh yels la,sma ixLHdj iEu úg u m<uq wjia:djg jvd jeäjk nj fmfka' t,a,sh yels la,sma ixLHdj jeä jkafka úoHq;a pqïnlfha lafIa;%m%n,;dj jeä jQ úg h' fldaI .Kk jeä jk úg oÕrh ;=<ska .,k OdrdfõúYd,;ajh o jeä fõ' tu ksid oÕrh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj o" oÕrfha fmdgj,a.Kk o uDÿ hlv yr ixLHdj o jeä jk úg úoHq;a pqïnlfha lafIa;% m%n,;djjeä jk nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'
úoHq;a pqïnl M,fha Ndú;
úoH;q fha pïq nl M,h kfs jfia úÿ,s WmlrKj, fndfyda úg Ndú; flf¾'th l¾udka; lafIa;%fha o WmlrKj, Ndú;hg f.k we;'
úÿ,s iSkqj
fuu rEmh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak' iSkq kdolh tîfuka mßm:h iïmQ¾K jQ úg oÕrh ;=<ska Odrdjla .,d hhs'
! tys m%;sM,hla f,i U yevfha uDÿ hlvh úoHq;a pqïnlhla njg m;a ùu ksid uDÿ hlvh ta foig wdl¾IKh fõ' túg iSkqj jrla kdo fõ'
! fuu p,kfhka mßm:h X ys § ì£ hEu ksid Odrdj .e,Su k;r jk neúka úoHq;a pqïnlfha pqïnl;ajh ke;s ù hhs'
! ÿkak u`.ska uDÿ hlvh wdmiq m<uq ia:dkhg m;alrk w;r fuys § mßm:h kej; iïnkaO fõ' tu wkqms<sfj<ska by; ls%hdj,sh kej; kej; isÿ fõ' tneúka iSkqj wLKav j kdofõ'
úoHq;a pqïnl Ndú;hg .kakd wjia:d
! úoHq;a pqïnl fÞr.=¿
! mßm: ì¢k
! úoHq;a pqïnl ndOl
! weiaj,g we;=¿ jQ l=vd jdfka" hlv wxY= bj;a lsÍug frday,aj, Ndú; fõ' jdfka iy wn,s hlv bj;a lrk fÞUlrj, o úoHq;a pqïnl fhdod.kS'
! ÿrl:kj,
3'26 rEmh - úÿ,s iSkqjl ieleiau'
ikS q kdolh
wdOdrlh
ÿkqf,dyamáh
úoH;q apïq nlh
iïnkOa lbial=remamqj
ñáh
uDÿ hlvh
ikS jq
X
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 63
l%shdldrlu 3'163'27 rEmfha ±lfa jk mßÈ mn% , Lrq m pïq nlhlO%ej w;r isyska ;U lïìhla t,a,d thnegßhlg yd iaúÉÑhlg iïnkaO lrkak'iaúÉÑh jid lïìfha yeisÍu ksÍlaIKhlrkak' fojkqj Odrdfõ ÈYdj udre lr m<uqlhs% dldrlu kej; lrkka ' f;jkjq pïq nlfhaO%ej udre jk mßÈ pqïnlh wks;a w;g ;ndm<uq l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak'
m<uq wjia:dfõ § ;U lïìh Lqrm pqïnlfhka p,kh jk nj;a fojeks yd f;jeks wjia:dj, § ;U lïìh Lqrm pqïnlh ;=<g p,kh jk nj;a Tng fmfkkq we;s' lïìh p,kh jkafka ks;H pqïnlfha pqïnl lafIa;%h yd lïìfha Odrdj ksid we;s jk pqïnl lafIa;%fha;a wka;¾ ls%hdj ksid we;s jk n,fhks' p,s; ÈYdj u;l ;nd .ekSug *af,ñkaf.a ju;a Í;sh Ndú; lruq'
*af,ñkaf.a ju;a Í;sh
(horse shoe magnet) msg;g
'
3'28 rEmh - *af,ñkaf.a ju;a Í;sh
by; l%shdldrlfuys ;U lïìfha p,s; ÈYdj isÿ jQfha o *af,ñkaf.a ju;aÍ;shg wkql+, j nj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
ir, Odrd fudagrh (direct current / DC motor)
ir, wdldrfha ir,O- drd fudga rh" 3'29 a
rEmfha fmkja d we;s mßÈ k;s H pïq nlhlOe% j w;r Nu% Kh l< yels oÕrhlks a hlq ;ah' fldIa fhka iemfhk Odrdj we;,s s ;<= ks ao`.rfha w.j% ,g iú lr we;s fldñhfq Ügrhg.uka lrh's fldñhfq Ügrh fyj;a kHdfoYa lh
l< ;U j<,,a la fuka b rEmfha ±lfa jk mßÈ o`.rfha
ndyjq g *fa ,ñkfa .a ju;a Í;hs fhdokka ' 3'29 a. ir, Odrd fudagrh3'29 a rEmh -
on/Õs,a,
^lfa I;a h% &
ue±`.,s ,a^Odrdj&
udmge`.,s ,a^p,;s h&
ima ¾Ylwe;,s s
fldñhfq Ügrh
ju;
3'27 rEmh - Odrjla /f.k hkikakdhlhla u; n,h
;Ulïìh
Lrq m pïq nlh
negßh
iúa ÉÑh
b
c
d
a
Tfí juf;a on/`.s,a,;a" ueoe`.s,a,;a" udmge`.s,a,;a tlsfklg iDcqfldaŒ jk fia ilia lrkak'
! Tfí on/`.s,a, pqïnl lafIa;%fha ÈYdjg fhduq lrkak' N isg S olajd&
! ueoe`.s,a, Odrdfõ ÈYdjg fhduq jk ;=re on/`.s,a, jgd Tfí w; lrljkak'
! túg Tfí udmge`.s,a, lïìh p,kh jk ÈYdjg fhduqj mj;S'
pqïnl lafIA;%hl ;enQ" Odrdjla /f.k hk ikakdhlhla u; l%shd lrk n,hfï i|yd wms my; ±lafjk l%shdldrlu w;ayÞ n,uq'
Nd. follg fjka fõ' 3'29Èia
ab
c
fmdfrdmma ha
lïìhi|ydud¾.h
f.;ï=lgqj
fldñhqfÜgrh f,i l%shdlrk w,fa mfk;;a s
b
mßjrKh l< ;U lïì
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'64
tA ksid o`.rh ;j ÿrg;a Trf,daiq
u`.ska iEu w¾O mßN%uKhl § u o`.rh ;=< Odrdj m%;Hdj¾; flf¾' Tn
ir, wdldrfha ir, Odrd fudagrhla ks¾udKh lrk whqre i,ld n,uq'
oÕrh Trf,daiq lgq lerflk ÈYdjg N%uKh jk mßÈ tu lïìh by<g p,kh jk nj Tng fidhd.; yels h'
oÕrfha cd ndyqj pqïnlfha N O%ejh wi,gmeñ‚ úg cd ndyqjg iïnkaO j<¨ Nd.h ^kHdfoaY LKavh& negßfha iDK w.%hg iïnkaO we;s,a, iu`. iam¾Y fõ' tu ksid cd ;=< Odrdj wm foig ^msg;g& .,d ths' thska woyia jkafka cd u; n,h o by<g l%shd lrk njhs ^3'29 a rEmh&'
3'30 rEmh - ir, Odrd fudagrhlaks¾udKh lsÍu
l%shdldrlu 3'17
! úYd, fmdfrdmamhla yryd flá f.;=ï lgqjla hjkak'
! ir, fldñhqfÜgrhla idÞ .ekSu i|yd rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ fmdfrdmamfha tla fl<jrla ;=<ska w,afmfk;a;s folla hjkak'
! tla w,afmfk;a;lska mgka f.kwfkflka fl<jr jk mßÈ" isyskamßjdrl ;U lïì fmdgj,a 50la muKfmdfrdm amh jgd T;kak' Tngfmdfrdmamfha we,shla lemSug yelskï th lïìh f.k hEug wdOdr fõ'
! bkamiq j lïìfha fl<jr mßjrKh bj;a lrkak'^weuß fld<hla fyda l;=rla Ndú;fhka& fyd| úoHq;a iïnkaOhla ,efnk mßÈ lïìfha tla tla fl<jr w,afmfk;a;s jgd T;kak'
! tla tla fl<jr § wlaIh /|úh yelsjk mßÈ mdo ,E,af,a È. w,afmfk;a;s2la iúlrkak'
3'29 rEmh -c fldñhqfÜgrh
ol=fKka Odrdjwe;¿= jk w;rjfuka msg fõ'
3'29 rEmh b - *af,ñkaf.a ju;a Í;shfh¥ úg
jï w;lïìfhap,;s h
lfa I;a h%
Odrdj
ju;
lgqfõ ÈYdjg N%uKh fõ. fuf,i oÕrh tl u w;g N%uKh fjñka mj;ajd .ekSu i`oyd wmg o`.rh ;=< Odrdfõ ÈYdj udre l< hq;= fõ' tkï Odrdj m%;sj¾; l< hq;= fõ' fï ksid ir, Odrd fudagrhl fldñhqfÜgrh
negßfha w.% udre l<fyd;a l=ula isÿ fõ o @
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 65
3'5 úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh
pqïnl;ajh Ndú;fhka úoHq;h ksmoúh yelafla flfia o hkak 1831 §uhsl,a *erfâ úiska wkdjrKh lrk ,§'
úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh hkq l=ula ±hs wjfndaO lr.ekSug my; ±lafjkl%shdldrlu fj; wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
• 1/ 044 /yeka foll fl<jr mßjrKh bj;a lr tAjd fldñhqfÜgrh ydhï;ï iam¾Y jk mßÈ /|ùug la,sma mdúÉÑ lrkak'
• o`.rfha fome;af;a pqïnl /`oùug ma,diagiSka lene,s mdúÉÑ lrkak'^úreoaO O%ej uqyqKg-uqyqK ,k fia& lïìj, fl<jrj,a 3 V iemhqugiïnkaO lr fudagrhg l%shd lsÍug fifuka N%uKhla fokak'
m<uqjeks wjia:dfõ §;a f;jeks wjia:dfõ §;a .e,ajfkdaógrh m%;spdrhla±lajQj o fojeks wjia:dfõ § .e,ajfkdaógrh m%;spdrhla fkd olajk nj Tngfmfkkakg we;' .e,ajfkdaógrh m%;spdrhla olajkafka th ;=<ska Odrdjla
l%shdldrlu 3'18
! 3'31a rEm igyfka ±lafjk wdldrhg úYd, fmdgj,a ixLHdjlska hq;a oÕrhla ueo ìxÿ .e,ajfkdaógrhlg iïnkaOlrkak'
! 3'31a rEmfha mßÈ m<uq j m%n, oKavpqïnlhla o`.rh ;=<g fõ.fhka p,kh lr .e, ajfkd aógrfh a m%;spdrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
! 3'31 b rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ fojkqj pqïnl oÕrh ;=< ksYAp, j isák mßÈ r|jkak' .e,ajfkdaógrfha m%;spdrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
! 3'31 c rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ f;jkqj pqïnlh o`.rfhka bj;g fõ.fhka wÈkak' .e,ajfkdaógrfha m%;spdrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
! fuu l%shdldrlu my; i|yka idOlfjkia lrñka kej; lrkak'
3'31 rEmh - úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh
(a)
(b)
(c)
pïq nlhwe;<= gp,kh fõ' Odrdjla .,hs'
bj;gp,kh fõ'
p,khlafkdue;'
Odrdjla fkdue;
Odrdj úreoaO ÈYdjg.,h's
! pqïnl m%n,;dj wvq pqïnlhla iy m%n,;dj jeä pqïnlhla tl u YSS>%;dfjka o`.rh ;=<g p,kh lsÍu'
! wvq fmdgj,a ixLHdjla we;s ;j;a o`.rhla Ndú; lsÍu'
! pqïnlh b;d fiñka iy fõ.fhka p,kh lsÍu' by; tla tla wjia:dfõ § Tfí ksÍlaIK igyka lr.kak'
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'66
lïìh by<g p,kh lrk úg fm%aß; Odrdj A isg B foig yd lïìhmy<g p,kh lrk úg fm%aß; Odrdj B isg A foig .,d hk nj;a Tngfmfkkq we;' by; 3'19 ls%hdldrlfï lïìh ;=<ska fm%aß; Odrdj .,d hkÈYdj *af,ñkaf.a ol=K;a Í;shg wkql+, nj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
*af,ñkaf.a ol=K;a kS;sh• Tfí iqrf;a on/`.s,a,;a" ueoe`.s,a,;aa " udmge`.s,a,;a tlsfklg iDcqfldaŒ
jk mßÈ ilia lrkak'• Tfí on/`.s,a, pqïnl lafIa;%fha ÈYdjg fhduq lrkak N isg S olajd&'• udmge`.s,a, lïìh p,kh jk ÈYdjg fhduq jk ;=re on/Õs,a, jgd Tfí
w; lrljkak'• túg Tfí ueoe`.s,a, fm%aß; Odrdfõ ÈYdjg fhduq ù mj;S'
.uka lrk úg § muKla nj Tn okS' tu ksid pqïnlh p,kh jk úg §muKla oÕrh ;=< Odrdjla fm%arKh jk nj Tng fmfka' pqïnlh p,kh jkúg oÕrh yryd n,hla fm%arKh fõ' fuh úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh f,i ye¢kafõ'
oÕrfha w.% ixjD; mßm:hla f,i ieliS we;akï fm%aß; úoHq;a .duln,h ksid th ;=<ska fm%aß; Odrdjla .,d hEug i,iajhs'
pqïnlfha m%n,;dj o" oÕrfha fmdgj,a .Kk o" pqïnlh p,kh lrkfõ.h o jeä lsÍfuka .e,ajfkdaógrfha mdGdxlh jeä jk nj Tng ±l.;yels h' fufia jkafka tA tla tla wjia:dfõ fm%aß; úoHq;a .dul n,h o" tu`.skafm%aß; Odrdj o jeä jk neúks'
ikakdhlhla yryd pqïnl lafIa;%h fjkia jk úg tys w.% yryd úoHq;a .dul n,hla fm%arKh jk nj;a tu`.ska ixjD; mßm:hl Odrdjla fm%arKh jk nj;a Tn okS' pqïnl lafIa;%h fjkia jk wdldrh wkqj fuu fm%aß; Odrdj ljr ÈYdjlg .,d hkafka ±hs fidhd n,uq'
pqïnl lafIa;%h fjkiaùu ksid oÕrfha w.% w;r úoHq;a .dul
3' 32 rEmh
ixfõ§ .e,ajfkdaógrh
wdrlIa ;s m;% fs rdOa h
A
l%shdldrlu 3'193'32 a rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ iDcqlïì lene,a,la (AB) ueo ìxÿ.e,ajfkdaógrhlg iïnkaO lrpïq nl lfa I;a h% yryd lïìh by<gp,kh lrkak' lïìh my<gp,kh lrñka by; l%shdldrlukej; lrkak' by; tla tlawjia:dfõ § mßm:h Ndú;fhka.e,ajfkdaógrfha W;al%uK ÈYdjgwkqj Odrdfõ ÈYdj fjkia jk
whqre fidaÈis lrkak'
B
(a)
(b)
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 67
3' 33 rEmh
udmgeÕ,s ,a^p,;s h&
on/Õs,a,^lfa I;a h% &
ue±Õ,s ,a^fmßa% ; Odrdj&
irq ;
Tn okakjd o @fm%aß; Odrdfõ .,dhkafka th we;s lrk fjkig mgyeksjk whqßka nj f,kaia kue;súoHd{hd úiska fidhd.kakd ,§'th f,kaia kshuh fõ' fm%Aß;úoH;q a .dul n,h mßm:h oÕrh&yd ne£ we;s pqïn l lafIa;%hfjkiaùfï YS>%;djg iudkqmd;sl*erfâ kue;s úoHd{hd úiskafidhd.kakd ,§'th *erfâ kshuh kï fõ'
úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKfha Ndú;i) nhsisl,a vhskfudaj
lïì o`.rh u`.ks a pïq Nl lfa I;a h% lemShk mßÈ lïì o`.rhla wi, N%uKhl< yels pq ïnlhla vhks fudja l wvx.= j we;' túg o`.rfhaw.% yryd fm%aß; úoHq;a .dul n,hlafm%arKh fõ' pqïnl lafIa;%h m%n, jkmßÈ o`.rh uDÿ hlv udOHhla jgd T;dwe;'
vhskfudaj fõ.fhka N%uKh lrk úg fm%aß; úoHq;a .dul n,h jeä jkksid n,anfha §ma;sh jeä jk w;r th fifuka N%uKh lrk úg fm%aß; úoHq;a .dul n,h wvq jk ksid n,anfha §ma;sh wvq fõ'
fojeks wjia:dfõ § .e,ajfkdaógrfha W;al%uKh fomig isÿ jk nj Tng ksÍlaIKh l< yels fõ' vhskfudaj lrleùfï § fm%aß; úoHq;a .dul n,fha ÈYdj udre jk neúka fm%aß; Odrdfõ ÈYdj o udre jk nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'
fï wdldrfhka bÈßhg yd miqmig hk mßÈ m%;sj¾; jk Odrdjlg m%;Hdj¾;l Odrdjla alternating current -AC& hehs lshkq ,efí'
3' 34 rEmh - nhsisl,a vhskfudaj
oÕrh uDÿhlv yrhlau;
pïq nlh
l%shdldrlu 3'20m<uq j nhsisl,a vhskfudajla n,anhlg iïnkaO lr th fifuka iy fõ.fhka N%uKh lr n,anfha §ma;sh ksÍlaIKh lrkak' nhsisl,a vhskfudaj ueo ìxÿ .e,ajfkdaógrhlg iïnkaO lr th fifuka lrljkak'weógrfha W;al%uKh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
nhsisl,a
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'68
fm%arK oÕrhfm%arK (induction coil) oÕrh hkq wvq fjda,aàh;djlska jeä fjda,aàh;djla
,nd.; yels Wml%uhls' th uDÿ hlv lïì udOHhla jgd t;+ m%d:ñl o`.rhjYfhka y÷kajk fmdgj,a ishhlska muK hq;a >klï mßjdrl ;U lïìo`.rhlska o" m%d:ñlh jgd t;+ fmdgj,a oyia .Kklska hq;a oaú;Shsl oÕrhlskao iukaú; h' ;=kS m%d:ñlh fldaIj,ska iukaú; welshqñf,agrhlg iïnkaOlr we;' th ;;amrhg úYd, jdr .Kkla Odrdj we;sk- e;s lrhs' tuÕks a pïq nlid% jh úp,kh lrh's oùa ;hs ls o`.rfha jeä úoH;q a .dul n,hla fmra% Kh fõ'fmra% K o`.rh md% fhd.a ls j Ndú;hg .kka d wji:a d fidhd n,kka '
mßKdulhmßKdulhla (transfomer) hkq úp,H fjda,aàh;djla tla;rd w.hl isg
;j;a w.hlg m;a lsÍug Ndú; lrk Wml%uhls' tkï wvq w.hl isg jeäw.hlg fyda jeä w.hl isg wvq w.hlg h' th uDÿ hlv ixjD; udOHhla jgd t;+ m%d:ñl oÕrhlska o" oaú;Shsl oÕrhlska o hqla; h'
m%d:ñl oÕrh ;=<ska m%;Hdj¾;l Odrdjla .uka lrk úg we;s jk pqïnl lafIa;%h oaú;Shsl oÕrh yryd o .uka lrhs' oaú;Shsl oÕrh yryd pqïnl lafIa;%h fjkiajk neúka tu oÕrfha w.% yryd úp,H m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;djla fm%arKh fõ'
l%shdldrlu 3'21mßjdrl ;U lïì wdudk 30la yd ^30 swg & fmdgj,a 100 la muK tla
f*dua rhl md% :ñlo`.rh jYfhka T;kka ' wfkla f*dua rfha mßjdrl ;U lïì ^30 200la muK oaú;Shslh jYfhka T;kak'swg& fmdgj,a3.36 rEmfha ±lfa jk mßÈ yevfha uDÿ hlv yrhl ndyq ;<= g o`.rh we;¿=
yevfha yrfha ndyq u; lrkak' I yevfha uDÿ hlv ndyqj ;nkak'
m%d:ñl o`.rfha w.% m%;Hdj¾;l Odrd fjda,aÜógrhlg yd nhsisl,avhks fudja lg;"a oúa ;hS ls o`.rfha w.% ;j;a m;% Hdj¾;l Odrd fjd,a Üa ógrhlg;aiïnkOa lrkka ' nhis ls ,a vhks fudja fõ.fhka lrljd fjd,a Üa ógrj, mdGdxligyka lr.kak'fmdgj,a 200la iys; o`.rh m%d:ñlh jYfhka o" fmdgj,a 100lska hq;a o`.rhoaú;Shslh jYfhka o Ndú; lr l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak'
UU
3'35 rEmh - fm%arK oÕrh
ieÿï - levqïWmlrKh
oaú;Shsl oÕrh
md% :ñl o`.rh
uDÿ hlv yrh
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h' 69
uDÿ yrh
oúa ;hS lsoÕrh
md% :ñloÕrh nhis ls ,a vhks fudja
m%;Hdj¾; Odrdfjd,a Üa ógrh
m<uq wjia:dfõ § oaú;Shsl oÕrhg iú l< fjda,aÜógrfha mdGdxlhm%d:ñlhg iú l< fjda,aÜógrfha mdGdxlh fuka fo.=Khlg wdikak jYfhkaiudk fõ' tfiau fojeks wjia:dfõ § oaú;Shsl oÕrhg iú l< fjda,aÜ ógrfhamdGdxlh m%d:ñlhg iú l< fjda,aÜógrfha mdGdxlhg wdikak jYfhka iudknj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
oaú;Shsl o`.rfha fmdgj,a .Kk m%d:ñl o`.rhg jvd jeä kï" tysoúa ;hS ls fjd,a áa ;dj md% :ñl fjd,a áa ;djhg jvd jeä neúka th wêlr mßKdulhl's
oaú;Shsl o`.rfha fmdgj,a .Kk m%d:ñl oÕrhg jvd wvq kï" tys oaú;Shslfjd,a àa h;dj md% :ñl fjd,a àa h;djhg jvd wvq neúka th wjlr mßKdulhl's
cj n,d.drj, isg Tfí ksfji olajd úoHq;a Yla;sh iïfm%aIKh lsÍug cd;sl cd, moaO;sfha wêlr mßKdul Ndú; flf¾' m%;sÞk fjda,aàh;dj by< ksid Odrdj wvq jk neúka úÿ,sh iïfm%aIKfha § cj ydksh wvq fõ'
l¾udka;Yd,dj, fj,aäka jev i|yd wjlr mßKdul Ndú; flf¾'m%;sÞk fjda,aàh;dj wvq ksid Odrdj jeä jk neúka ;dmk M,h o jeä fõ'
wNHdi1' ^w& úoH;q h ikka hkh lrk øjhla i|yd Ndú; lrk ;dlIa ‚ l moh lu= la o@^wd& úoHq;h imhk wdldrh wkqj bf,lafg%dav" wefkdavh iy lef;davh f,i
kï flf¾' fuh meyeÈ,s lrkak'^we& úoHq;a úÉfþokh i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrKh l=ula o@^wE& úoHq;a úÉfþoHhla ;=<ska úoHq;h .uka lrkafka flfia o@^b& úoHq;a úÉfþok l%shdj,sfha § ;ekam;a jk f,dayfha ialkaOh flfrys r|d
mj;sk idOl fudkjd o@
3'36 rEmh - mßKdulhla idÞ.kakd whqre
mßKdulhl m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl fjda,aàh;djka Vp yd V os tAjdfha
fmdgj,a .Kk ms<sfj<ska Np yd Ns o kï" túg Vs
= Ns
Vp Np
fkdñ,fha fnod §u i|yd h'70
l=vd Ndrhla tieùug Ndú; l< yels úÿ,sfhka l%shd lrk wdo¾Y ,Sjrhlie,eiaula by; rEmfha ±la fõ'
^w& th l%shd;aul jk wdldrh mshjfrka mshjr úia;r lrkak'^wd& negßfha w.% udre l< úg ,Sjrfha l%shdldÍ;ajhg l=ula isÿ fõ o@^we& tu ,Sjrh u Ndú;fhka jeä Ndrhla tieúh yels l%uhla fhdackd lrkak'
th fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
4' úoHq;a pqïnlhl m%n,;dj Odrdj u;n,mdk wkaou YsIHhka fofokl= úiskawkafõIKh lrk ,§' Tjqkaf.a m%;sM,j.=fõ olajd we;'
^w& Odrdj X - wlaIh& bÈßfhka Ndrh Y - wlaIh& m%ia;drhla we`§ug by;o;a; Ndú; lrkak'
^wd&Odrdj i& 2'75A ii& 6'0A jQ úg lu= k Ndrhla /`oúh yels ±hs Tn i;s kfa ka o@^we& oÕrhg fmdgj,a 50la we;akï Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%ia;drh w¢kak'
^wE&hlvfha n, m%foaYhg l=ula isÿ fõ o@^b& m%ia;drh by< fldgfia § ;sria f¾Ldjla njg m;ajkafka wehs @
5' o`.rhla ueo ìxÿ .e,ajfkdaógrhlg iïnkaO lr we;' pqïnlhlN - O%ejh o`.rh ;=<g fõ.fhka f.k .sh úg .e,ajfkdaógrfha o¾Ylhol=Kg W;al%uKh fõ'
^w& (i) N - O%ejh o`.rfhka bj;g f.k hk úg(ii) S - O%ejh o`.rh ;=<g f.k hk úg(iii) pqïnlh o`.rh ;=< ksYap, j we;s úg W;al%uKhla we;akï th ljr wdldrfha úh yels o@
^wd&.e,ajfkdaógrfha W;al%uKh jeä lr.; yels wdldr 3la olajkak'
2' Bys we;s jia;=jla ;U wdf,am lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrKhla rEmfha±lafõ'
^w& A ys we;s øjHh l=ula o@^wd&C øjh l=ula o @^we& negßfha Ok w.%hg iú l< hq;af;a l=ula o@^wE& úoHq;a úÉfþok l%shdj,sfhka miq lef;davfhys iy wefkdavfhys Tng
ksÍlaIKh l< yels fjkialï fudkjd o@3'
A B
C
Odrdj (A) 0 0'5 1'0 1'5 2'0 2'5 3'0 3'5 4'0 4'5 5'0Ndrh (N) 0 0'2 0'8 1'6 3'0 5'4 10'0 13'6 14'6 14'9 15'0