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CHAPTER 3

PETROLEUM QUALITY

Section I. Petroleum Inspection Procedures

GENERAL

Providing quality fuel requires inspection atthe point of purchase, monitoring quality duringstorage, and ensuring quality while distributing fuelto users. A series of inspection procedures, labo-ratories, and testing kits are an integral part ofArmy doctrine and force structure. These proce-dures ensure that the petroleum products used bythe US Army are of the highest quality, meet therequired performance standards, and can be usedfor their intended purpose. Inspecting and testingare necessary to ensure that only acceptableproducts are offered to the government by thecontractor. Laboratory technicians must be awareof the need for painstaking and conscientious workto preserve life and property. These petroleuminspection procedures are divided into three dis-tinct areas: quality control, quality assurance, andquality surveillance.

QUALITY CONTROL

QC is the inspection procedure performed byrefinery personnel to monitor the production of aparticular petroleum product. QC, as distinguishedfrom QS, involves the manufacturer's inspection ofthe handling, step-by-step processing, and finishingof materials. It also involves the final inspectionand testing of end products to ensure that contractmaterials are acceptable. As the US governmentdoes not currently operate any refineries, an in-

depth discussion of QC procedures is not includedin this FM.

QUALITY ASSURANCE

Military petroleum products are usually pro-cured under federal or military specifications. QA is a contract administration function per-formed by the Government in determining whethercontractors fulfill contract requirements and speci-fications of petroleum products and related serv-ices. QA ends and QS begins when the QAR ac-cepts the product. Acceptance of the product rep-resents the transfer of ownership from contractorto Government.

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE

QS includes all the measures used to deter-mine and maintain the quality of government-owned petroleum products to the degree neces-sary to ensure that such products are suitable fortheir intended use. The purpose of QS is to ensurethat products meet quality standards after accep-tance from the contractor and still meet qualitystandards after transfer between governmentagencies or issue to users. QS is complete whenthe product is consumed or transferred to anotheragency or service. Until transfer or consumption, itis the responsibility of the owning service oragency to ensure product quality.

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Section II. Quality Assurance

QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMADMINISTRATORS

The QA program ensures that the militaryservices obtain products that conform to govern-ment specifications. The agencies and personnelresponsible for QA are described below.

DLA. The DLA administers the QA pro-gram. In CONUS, the DLA delegates procure-ment inspection and acceptance responsibilities tothe DCMC. OCONUS activities are delegated tothe DCMCI. The DCMC subdivides procurementresponsibilities into DFRs to aid in administration.AR 715-27 and DOD Manual 4140.25-M describethe policies and procedures used by Army activi-ties and personnel for procurement inspectionworldwide.

Contractor. The contractor is responsible forcontrolling the quality of his products during manu-facture and storage so he can provide the govern-ment only those products that meet specificationsIAW DLAM 4155.1 (AR 715-27). He mustmaintain an effective QC program, that coverstesting, sampling, blending, packaging, sealing,marking, and loading of petroleum products. Thecontractor must perform all inspection tests onfinished products required by the contract andspecifications and maintain a satisfactory systemof records and reports.

QAR. Government personnel responsible foradministering QA at the contractor sites areknown as QARs. QAR responsibilities are de-scribed below.

• Administer an IQUE of the contractor fa-cilities to ensure that the contractor has in effect aQC system.

• Determine minimum verification testingacceptable for quality products.

• Verify that required tests are performedfor compliance with specifications.

• Obtain quality data from the contractor todetermine products as acceptable.

QAR RESPONSIBILITIES

The QAR's functional responsibility is fulfilledwhen the product is accepted and ownershiptransfers to the government. At this time, QS be-gins. The QAR is usually assigned responsibilityfor product inspection at the field inspection officein which the product is manufactured or procured.However, if requested, the QAR may provide as-sistance to areas outside of their jurisdiction. Insome cases, it may be to the government’s ad-vantage to have the inspection performed by anactivity other than the assigned one. In this case,requesting personnel should submit rationale forreassignment action to the appropriate DCMCIagency.

QUALITY ASSURANCE INSPECTIONSAND ACCEPTANCE

Standards and methods used in performingprocurement QA inspection on petroleum itemsare developed, established, and distributed by theDCMCI. The procurement QA inspection ensuresthat the military services obtain products that con-form to government specifications. QA inspectionsfor acceptance can be performed at the FOB ori-gin or FOB destination.

FOB Origin. When specified as a FOB origincontract, QA inspection is performed at the FOBorigin. The product should receive a type A testIAW AR 715-27 and MIL-HDBK-200. If theproduct is in compliance with all the terms of thecontract, it is accepted by the government repre-sentative. When products are accepted at origin orany point other than destination, they are not rein-spected at their destination for QA compliance.When the product reaches its destination, receivinglocations may perform general examinations todetermine that the supplies are in conformity with

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the contract. They should check the type and kindof product, whether or not it is contaminated, orthe volumes are correct. If the product appears tobe other than that ordered, or if samples failtomeet requirements, further testing is performedand the receiving activity will contact the DCMCIto request inspection assistance and guidance.

FOB Destination. When specified as a FOBdestination contract, QA inspection is performed atthe FOB destination to determine compliance withthe contract. Title passes to the government at thereceiving activity when the product is accepted.Acceptance is based on a determination of quan-tity and verification of enough quality characteris-tics, as prescribed by MIL-HDBK-200.

QUALITY ASSURANCE INSPECTION OFCONTRACTOR FACILITIES

An important aspect of QA is the inspectionof contractor facilities and equipment used tomanufacture and transport petroleum products.

Policy. It is DLA policy to accept only thosesupplies and services that fully conform, in all re-spects, to the contract requirements. The offer ofnonconforming supplies or services to the govern-ment for acceptance should be the exception, andcontractors should be discouraged from submittingrequests for waivers. When a waiver request oc-curs, the QAR will initially review and evaluate itand forward it to the field administration office.The field administration office will then contact theappropriate office given in DLAM 4155.1 (AR715-27). When an exception to a specification isincluded in the original contract or incorporated asa change, that exception will be clearly indicatedon DD Form 250 series document, (Material In-spection and Receiving Reports).

Preaward Survey. The QAR may make apreaward survey of the contractor’s facilities ormay assist in making the survey. The purpose ofthe survey is to ensure that the contractor has the

necessary facilities and the uncommitted capabilityto produce materials of the quality and in thequantities needed to fulfill the government con-tract. The contractor will be expected to include aquality program to ensure products are of accept-able standards. If inadequacies are evident during surveil-lance of contractor facilities, the inspector will re-cord those instances of noncompliance and requestcorrective actions IAW DLAM 8200.2.

QUALITY ASSURANCE INSPECTIONS OFSTORAGE AND TRANSFER FACILITIES

The QAR ensures that refining or terminaltanks used to store contractor-furnished or gov-ernment-owned products are adequate. Consid-eration is given to the following:

• The amount and extent of corrosion andother contaminants present in the facilities..

• Provisions for control of water bottoms.• Location and arrangement of suction lines

and water drawoffs.• Provisions for QC of government-owned

products.• Availability of tank calibration tables.

Transfer Lines. The QAR verifies that ac-ceptable products designated for shipment ortransfer are moved through completely segregatedsystems. If this is not possible, the system must beproperly protected by blind or blank flanges; oropen bleeder valves between double line valves intransfer lines and manifolds. Common transferlines (non-segregated) should be displaced with theproduct being shipped or transferred.

Government Furnished Equipment. If thegovernment furnishes transportation equipment,the title for the product passes to the governmentwhen the product passes through the loading ori-fice of the equipment. Therefore, the contractor isnot responsible if the product is contaminated byunsuitable transportation equipment unless the ex-tent of the contamination clearly indicates thatcontractor personnel failed to inspect the interior

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of the equipment. See QA inspection of tankersand barges for inspection procedures.

Commercial Pipelines. Contractor-ownedproducts for government use may be moved incommercial pipelines. When using this arrange-ment, the supply contract states that the productwill be inspected at origin and accepted at destina-tion. The product may also be tested at destinationif it can be received in terminal tankage beforedelivery to the government.

QUALITY ASSURANCE INSPECTIONS OFTANKERS AND BARGES

The QAR must personally inspect the tankeror barge before it is loaded to make sure it is in anacceptable condition to receive cargo. The con-tractor is not responsible for the product once ithas passed the outboard hose connections of thevessel. When a tanker or barge is scheduled for amultiple port loading, the QAR at the first loadingport inspects all cargo tanks, if possible. For thetanker or barge to pass the inspection, all the cargotanks must be approved for loading. Representa-tives at subsequent loading points are advised ofthe results of the inspection at the first loadingport. Tanks not inspected at the first loading portshould be inspected at a subsequent port and ac-cepted or rejected. Tanks previously inspected andaccepted, but not loaded, may be rejected at asubsequent port if the conditions appear to warrantthis action. Regardless of pressure or protests,representatives must not expedite vessel move-ments at the expense of quality or quantity deter-minations. The following actions are requiredduring inspections of tankers and barges..

• The QAR may require that samples ofrust be taken from selected cargo tanks and testedwith the product being loaded, or a similar solvent.This test is performed to determine the effect uponthe corrosiveness and gum characteristics. Therust is pulverized and added to a sample of theproduct to be loaded, or a similar solvent, in pro-portions of 1 gram of rust per 100 milliliters of theliquid. After the mixture has been shaken vigor-

ously for at least 1 minute, it is filtered free of rustand examined for color, corrosion, and residue, asrequired by the product specifications.

• Loading plans are reviewed to ensure theyare workable. Consideration must be given tobulkheads, lines, tank capacities, ship’s trim, andother factors. If cargoes are split, the QAR makessure the vessel is structurally suitable for handlingtwo or more grades of product simultaneouslywithout contamination. The representative alsoensures that the bulkheads are secure and that thevessel has double valve separation or line blanks.

QUALITY ASSURANCE INSPECTIONSOF TANK CARS AND TANK VEHICLES

The QAR ensures that the contractor per-forms specific inspections of tank cars and tankvehicles. The contractor must inspect all tank carsand tank vehicles before loading to ensure they aresuitable to receive and transport the product. Anytank car or tank vehicle that is not acceptable forloading is rejected. Any tank car or tank truck,received by the contractor from a military activity,which contains a product in excess of 200 gallons,will be reported by the QAR to the responsiblesupply officer. The following actions are requiredduring inspections of tank cars and tank vehicles.

• The contractor must sample and test anyresidue remaining in the conveyance from a previ-ous haul to determine whether a new product canbe loaded on top of the residue. If the residue can-not be identified, the conveyance is rejected. Theincompatible residue must be drained and the con-veyance flushed or cleaned as needed.

• The contractor must maintain filteringdevices in tank cars, tank vehicles, and small con-tainer filling lines. He must make periodic inspec-tions of this equipment, keep records of the in-spections, and make needed repairs or replace-ments to the equipment, when necessary.

• The contractor must check loaded con-veyances for water and sediment. Any free watermust be removed before shipment, except for jetfuels and lubricating oils, in which case the con-veyance will be rejected.

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• The contractor must ensure the productin the discharge manifold of a loaded tank vehicleis the same grade and color as that loaded.

• The contractor must perform applicabletests on representative samples taken from eachloaded conveyance to ensure the product has notbeen adversely affected.

• The contractor is responsible for main-taining records of test results and retaining sam-ples.

• The contractor must seal the domes of thetank cars and all openings of the tank vehicles,with numbered seals, after the conveyance hasbeen loaded.

QUALITY ASSURANCEMEASUREMENTS AND

DOCUMENTATION

The QAR ensures that the contractor per-forms all quantity measurements according to theASTM methods listed in the contract. Volume cor-rection to gallons at 60 °F is required for:

• All product volume measured in storagetanks, prior to receipt.

• Residual fuels and lubricating oils meas-ured in tank trucks. Residual fuels for this purposeare products with a viscosity equal to or greaterthan a regular (not light) No. 4 fuel oil (ASTM D396).

• All other volumes of fuel and fuel oil de-liveries that equal or exceed 3,500 gallons, unlessnot required per contract provision.

Products Shipped By Tanker or Barge. Thequantities of products shipped from or received bya tanker or barge, for FOB origin, shall be deter-mined (at contractor's option) by shore tank orshipping tank measurements or calibrated meters.A government representative may be present towitness measurement. For FOB destination, quan-tities shall be determined (at Government's option)on basis of receiving (shore) tank measurementsor calibrated meter if the facility is so equipped. A

contractor representative may be present to wit-ness the delivery measurement.

Products Shipped By Tank Car. Quantitiesshipped by tank car are determined from ratedshell capacity or net weight of contents; quan-titiesshipped by tank vehicle are determined from vehi-cle shell calibration tables, net weight of contents,or calibrated meters.

Product Shipped by Pipeline. Quantitiesmoved by pipeline are determined by use of cali-brated meters or by tank gages at the point of ori-gin, unless otherwise provided by contract.

Products in Contractor Terminals. Quantitiesof government-owned products in contractor ter-minals are inventoried and reported as required bycontract. Quantities of government-owned prod-ucts in commercial pipelines are reported sepa-rately. Inventories are witnessed and certified bythe QAR.

Losses. The QAR assists departmental ac-tivities in investigating the loss of government-owned products. Losses connected with shippingare reported on SF 361 (Discrepancy in ShipmentReport). Losses connected with government-owned products in the custody of contractors or inthe custody of the government are reported on DAForm 4697 (Department of the Army Report Sur-vey).

Inspection Documentation. The QAR en-sures that the contractor has prepared the requiredinspection documents before the QAR completesit. These documents include DD Form 250(Material Inspection and Receiving Report) andDD Form 250-1 (Tanker/Barge Material Inspec-tion and Receiving Report). DD Form 250 is usedto document receipts of contractor shipments ofDLA-owned bulk fuel, by over-land transport orpipeline to DFSPs. DD Form 250-1 is used todocument shipments and receipts of bulk fuel

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transported by ocean tankers and barges. Samples of these forms are included in Chapter 10.

Section III. Quality Surveillance

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMADMINISTRATORS

QS begins when petroleum products are ac-cepted by the government. It applies to all petro-leum-related products, and is the responsibility ofall personnel who handle them. Testing products inthe supply system is necessary to confirm that pe-troleum products are satisfactory for their intendeduse. The Quality Surveillance Handbook for Fuels,Lubricants, and Related Products (MIL-HDBK-200) sets forth procedures and requirements usedby the military departments and the DLA. Agen-cies and personnel responsible for QS programsand procedures are described below.

• The USAPC, New Cumberland ArmyDepot, New Cumberland, PA, is responsible fordeveloping, coordinating, and monitoring CONUSQS programs as described in AR 710-2. This ac-tivity is under the staff supervision of the AMCand the operational control of the TROSCOM.Besides the USAPC laboratories, other laborato-ries that have a limited quality surveillance capa-bility are located at Fort Hood, Tx; Fort Lee, VA;Fort Campbell, KY; Fort Bragg, NC; FortStewart and Fort Benning, GA; and Fort Rucker,AL. Upon request, USAPC will provide assistanceto overseas commanders in coordinating QS andtechnical assistance programs

• In the theater, the JPO is responsible forensuring that an adequate QS program is main-tained within major commands. In a large theater,there may be requirements for a SAPO or officesto assist the JPO in monitoring the petroleum sys-tem in the areas of responsibility. Overseas labo-ratory facilities will be provided and maintained for

testing fuels and lubricants per joint regulation AR700-36 (AFR 74-16, NASUPINST 4730.1D,MCO P4760.1A, DLAR 4155.29).

• Ultimately, QS is the responsibility ofevery agency in the supply system that transports,stores, distributes, or issues petroleum products.Owning agencies are responsible for establishingand maintaining a QS program as prescribed byMIL-HDBK-200. The organization’s commandermust ensure that facilities are available and ade-quate to test the various petroleum products. Heis also responsible for informing the JPO orSAPO, DFR, or DFSC when any petroleum prod-uct, except pipeline interface product, does notmeet deterioration limits.

PETROLEUM QUALITY SURVEILLANCEAND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

PROGRAM

The Petroleum Quality Surveillance andTechnical Assistance Program consists of multipleprograms designed to assist commanders in thereceipt, storage, and issue of quality petroleumproducts. CONUS commanders will provide nec-essary information, equipment, and personnelavailable within their resources to assist the coor-dinating USAPC in accomplishing the require-ments of these programs. The total program con-sists of the following elements listed below.

• Quality Surveillance Program.• Petroleum Technical Assistance Program.• Operational Surveillance Program.• Air Pollution Abatement Program.• Petroleum Laboratory Certification.• Engineering Technical Review Program.

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• Underground Storage Tank Program. Quality Surveillance Program. The Quality

Surveillance Program is conducted to ensure thequality of petroleum products supplied from com-mercial sources directly to US Army, ARNG, andUSAR units, and maintain the quality of Army-owned petroleum. It will be conducted on all bulkpetroleum, and packaged products at the frequen-cies established in MIL-HDBK-200. It can beconducted more frequently, if desired, for closersurveillance or when directed by USAPC. It willbe established worldwide for both bulk and pack-aged products. Samples are taken from deliveryconveyances, and commercial product sources,IAW DA PAM 710-2-1, for each contract,(including local purchases) totaling more than10,000 gallons annually.

• In CONUS, USAPC will establish aCONUS sampling schedule. Although the USAPCis not responsible for QA, petroleum products aretested upon receipt from the contractor to establisha base line for future testing. Upon request, theUSAPC will provide to the submitting activity de-tailed sampling instruction, advise the submittingactivity of the test results, and determine if addi-tional QS samples need testing.

• In OCONUS, commanders will establish asampling schedule at the frequencies established inMIL-HDBK-200 or more frequently, if desired,under the guidance of the JPO.

Petroleum Technical Assistance Program.The petroleum technical assistance program isconducted in conjunction with MACOMs and ad-ministered by the USAPC to provide technicalassistance to commanders in solving petroleumproblems. Commanders may request help from atechnical assistance team to resolve problems onreceiving, storage, handling, usage, QS, supply, anddistribution of petroleum products. Commandersmay also obtain assistance with the design, con-struction, maintenance, and repair of petroleumfacilities and dispensing equipment. The TechnicalAssistance Program is conducted in CONUS byUSAPC. Upon request, USAPC will provide as-sistance to overseas commands.

Operational Surveillance Program. The op-erational surveillance program is designed to pro-vide essential QS services to commanders of USArmy and National Guard installations as well asArmy Reserve units. It ensures delivery of ac-ceptable products for use in military equipment byapplying proper handling and control measures. Itenables the collection and reuse of products to themaximum extent possible.

Air Pollution Abatement Program. TheAPAP provides a testing service to CONUScommanders for compliance with air pollutionabatement standards established by law and im-plemented by AR 200-1.

Petroleum Laboratory Certification. All TDAand TOE petroleum testing laboratories must becertified. Certification will include a review of fa-cilities, equipment, methods, and personnel qualifi-cations. The USAPC is responsible for certifyingall CONUS-based labs and for providing the per-sonnel necessary to certify OCONUS laboratoryfacilities. Laboratories shall not perform testing forthe purposes of determining suitability or disposi-tion of petroleum products unless they are certi-fied.

Engineer Technical Review Program. Plansfor new construction, modifications, or upgradingof petroleum facilities are submitted to theUSAPC for review or technical assistance. Allfacilities must meet all the requirements of appli-cable regulations and safety considerations.

Underground Storage Tank Program. Thisprogram establishes underground storage tankstandards as required by law. The UST programapplies to all CONUS Army and ARNG installa-tions and USAR units that operate undergroundstorage tanks. OCONUS units must comply withsubstantive requirements of federal regulations forUSTs, plus the more stringent of Army or hostnation requirements.

CORRELATION PROGRAMS

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In addition to the Quality Surveillance andTechnical Assistance Program, correlation pro-grams exist to provide efficiency checks on certi-fied laboratory facilities. Samples from the samecut of fuel are sent to all laboratories for testing.The results obtained from each laboratory aretabulated. Individual laboratory test results thatdeviate from the majority can be an indicator thatthe testing facility and/or equipment is substandardor personnel are not adequately trained. Resultsare reported to the laboratory with guidance forcorrective action. Specific guidance on the corre-lation program is found in the appropriate com-mand's instructions that cover POL. The USAPCadministers the CONUS correlation programs.Theater-wide correlation programs are usuallyadministered by the JPO.

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE DURINGSTORAGE, LOADING AND UNLOADING

OPERATIONS

The petroleum laboratory technician, assignedto a base, mobile, or airmobile laboratory, provideslaboratory testing support to surrounding units byperforming prescribed tests on petroleum samplessubmitted IAW MIL-HDBK-200. He also pro-vides laboratory testing on any samples submittedof questionable quality. The test results are docu-mented and provided to the supported units withrecommendations, when necessary. They performthe technical evaluation necessary for QS. Themajority of information contained in this FM ad-dresses the duties and responsibilities associatedwith the operation and maintenance of a base, mo-bile or airmobile laboratory. However, the QARimplements QS in petroleum storage and distribu-tion operations. Minimum procedures required forproper quality surveillance of storage operationsare discussed below.

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE DURINGSTORAGE OPERATIONS

QS of storage operations requires the follow-ing procedures.

• Store only one kind of fuel in a tank tomaintain fuel quality. If it is necessary to store an-other type of fuel in a tank, the tank must becleaned before pumping in the new fuel.

• Inspect storage tanks IAW MIL-STD-457. Establish a card file to record the inspectionresults and establish tank cleaning schedules.

• Segregate products and grades in separatesystems when possible and identify lines and fa-cilities as prescribed in CFR, Title 29-Labor. Pro-tect the product by using blind or blank flanges oropen bleeder valves between double line valves, orby removing a section of pipe. Segregation by asingle valve is not sufficient.

• Consolidate on-specification stocks. Thiswill keep storage tanks filled for shipments or is-sues and keep other tanks empty for receipt ofnew products. It will also reduce breathing andevaporation losses, reduce the number of tankswitches in batching operations, and allow nec-essary time

for settling and testing of new stocks before using.• Receive on-specification products into

partly filled tanks if necessary, but do not add newstocks of doubtful quality. Be sure that the freshproduct received into a partly filled tank is thesame product and of equal or better quality thanthe old product.

• Refer to MIL-HDBK-200 for the mini-mum settling time requirements for petroleumproducts before using.

• Bulk fuel tanks should be drained of waterafter each product receipt and at a minimum ofweekly, thereafter. Do not maintain water bottomsunless specifically authorized by the appropriatetechnical authority.

• Sample and test dormant stocks as pre-scribed in quality surveillance tables in MIL-HDBK-200.

• In instances where water bottoms cannotbe completely removed, the water layer should bechecked monthly. Check for the presence of hy-drogen sulfide that sometimes forms as a result ofbacterial action in sulfates present in the water.Hydrogen sulfide is corrosive and will cause theproduct to fail the copper corrosion requirement ofthe specification.

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• Water checks should be made daily in is-sue tanks and weekly in static tanks or each time atank is gaged. If water is found, it should bedrained as soon as possible.

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE DURINGTANKER AND BARGE LOADING

OPERATIONS

A barge is any vessel with less than a 30,000barrel capacity. A tanker is any vessel with over a30,000 barrel capacity. Minimum procedures re-quired for proper QS in tanker and barge loadingoperations are as follows.

• Tankers and barges should be used forone-product service when possible. Otherwise, atanker or barge should be used for clean productsor for black products only.

• Any vessel with greater than a 30,000gallon capacity, is inspected by tank entry and pre-pared IAW AR 715-27, Table II (Guide for Prepa-ration of Cargo Tanks).

• By referring to the ship’s log, the govern-ment representative must verify that minimumprocedures listed in DLAM 4155.1 (AR 715-27)were followed to prepare cargo tanks for changeof product.

• The government representative reviewsthe cargo layout plan. He verifies that split cargoesare properly separated to prevent intermingling.

• Cargo tanks that have been ballasted withsalt water must be stripped and wiped dry beforeloading. Any water in the tank or lines needs to beremoved.

• The quality of the product in shore tanksand all lines used in loading must meet specifica-tions. Approximately 2,000 to 5,000 barrels or atleast line fill, should be pumped into one centercargo tank in the vessel. The ship’s officer shouldthen switch the loading to another tank and con-tinue loading. A sample should be drawn from thefirst tank and tests performed to determine if thequality of the product being loaded is satisfactory.Further sampling and testing are conducted at thediscretion of the representative. If at any timethere is an indication of contamination, the loading

operation is stopped until the cause and extent ofthe contamination is determined.

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE DURING JETFUEL OR KEROSENE LOADING

OPERATIONS

When jet fuel or kerosene is loaded, minimumQS procedures are enforced. They are describedbelow.

• Before loading, all lines are dropped andwater removed from the cargo tanks.

• Initial loading will be at a rate not morethan 3 feet per second (about 1,500 barrels perhour through a 1/2-inch line) through loading linesinto the cargo tanks until the discharge outlet hasbeen covered by at least three feet of the product.Thereafter, the normal loading rate is resumed.The loading rate will not exceed the sum of theallowable rates for the individual tanks being filled.If turbulence or splashing occurs in a cargo tankafter the discharge outlet is covered by the speci-fied 3 feet of product, the reduced loading rateshould be applied until the turbulence ceases.

• When a cargo tank is filled, ullages, watersoundings, temperatures, and samples should notbe taken until 30 minutes after flow has ceased toallow static charge to dissipate. Quality spotchecks can be made 30 minutes after cessation offlow. Whether the tank is being completely filledor just partially filled the same waiting restrictionsapply before sampling is permitted.

• • If strapping tables are available, on-boardquantities are estimated for comparison with quan-tities delivered from shore tanks. The representa-tive enters quantities shipped on DD Form 250-1and testifies as to quality of product loaded. If shipand shore corrected quantity figures differ bymore than ± 0.5 percent, investigate the differenceby regaging, checking seals, or other actions. Enterresults of investigation on DD Form 250-1 in theREMARKS block. The ± 0.5 percent figure mustbe tempered with the known loading history of theship.

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE DURINGTANKER AND BARGE UNLOADING

OPERATIONS

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The following QS procedures are recommendedwhen unloading tankers and barges.

• All level samples are taken from cargotanks, and the receiving checks are performed asprescribed by the QS table in MIL-HDBK-200before discharging begins. Verify all seals shownon the document. If the API gravity of any tankdiffers by + 0.5 percent API from the loading APIgravity, isolate that tank until its quality is verified.Other prescribed tests are performed on compos-ite samples. However, discharging operationsshould not be delayed further if the receivingchecks are favorable.

• Ullages, water soundings, and tempera-tures of cargo tanks are taken. If strapping tablesare available, quantities on board are comparedwith quantities obtained at the loading point. Anydeficiencies in the quantity or quality of the prod-uct at the loading point are noted.

• Gages, water measurements, and tem-peratures of shore tanks are taken before and af-ter discharging. Final gages must be done as soonas possible but cannot be started until tanks havesettled for 30 minutes to dissipate static electricity.After the initial 30 minute wait, gages can be re-peated at 15 minute intervals until the two are con-stant. Final quantity figures are entered on DDForm 250-1 before vessel departure.

• Checks must be made to verify that shoreand pier lines are empty or full before and afterdischarge.

• Cargo tanks are inspected after discharg-ing. If strapping tables are available, quantities dis-charged and those remaining are compared withquantities delivered to shore tanks.

• Shore tanks are sampled and post dis-charge tests are performed after settling a mini-mum of 2 hours or 1 hour per foot in depth, if timepermits.

• Any product received that does not con-form to established use limits is reported to theJPO.

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE DURINGTANK CAR AND TANK VEHICLE

LOADING AND UNLOADINGOPERATIONS

Minimum procedures required for proper QSin tank car and tank vehicle loading and unloadingoperations are described below.

• Refer to MIL HDBK 200, Table V, forinstructions when internal inspection or samplingshow the need for cleaning tanks.

• When possible, store the same product re-petitively in tank cars and tank vehicles to reducethe need for cleaning and to prevent contamina-tion.

• Verify that minimum procedures listed inAR 715-27 have been followed if the product ischanged.

• Inspect the interior and mechanical condi-tion of tank cars and tank vehicles to be sure theyare in condition to receive the product to beloaded.

• Verify that the products in storage tankshave been checked for shipment tests prescribedin the applicable QS table in MIL- HDBK-200.

• Ensure that qualified filter/separators havebeen installed in the supply lines from fuel storagetanks to loading racks.

• Placard each vehicle as prescribed inCFR, Title 49-Transportation. Do not split-loadtank vehicles because of mixing in common dis-charge systems. Ensure that the vehicles haverequired markings and placards IAW AR 55-355and applicable DOT regulations.

• Check the loaded tank cars and tank vehi-cles for shipment tests prescribed by the applicablequality surveillance table in MIL-HDBK-200. Per-form a visual check on loaded conveyances forwater and ensure that it is removed if present.Also check for grade and color of product in dis-charge systems of tank vehicles.

• Secure dome covers and attach serialnumbered seals to the domes and outlets immedi-ately after checking the contents. Seal any placewhere cargo can be removed. Enter API gravityand all seal numbers on the documents.

• Check seals at destination and performreceiving checks prescribed by the QS table be-fore unloading. If water is present, remove it. IfAPI gravity is more than + 0.5 of the loadedgravity, hold the shipment and notify the laboratoryas soon as possible (DLAM 4155.1/AR 715-27).

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Fuels that have a cloudy appearance or an unusualcolor should not be accepted until laboratorytest(s) indicate they are suitable for use.

• Be sure that a tank car or vehicle dis-charges into the storage tank intended to receivethe product. If the contents are transferred to an-other tank vehicle, be sure that the receiving vehi-cle is in the proper condition to receive the productwith no danger of contamination.

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE DURINGPIPELINE OPERATIONS

QARs exercise QS over all movement ingovernment-owned and commercial multi-productpipelines to maintain the quality and quantity ofproducts owned by the government.

Commercial Pipelines. Government-ownedproducts moved in commercial pipelines are in-spected as prescribed by the supply contract andcommercial tariffs. The inspection of pipeline op-erations generally include:

• Handling of batches (cycling, pumpingrates, progress checks at test points).

• Generation, handling, and evaluation ofinterfacial mixtures.

• Cutting of batches into receiving tankage.• Verification of product quality in receiving

tankage.• Use of corrosion inhibitors.• Periodic checks of government-owned

products for solid's content.

The military department having physical posses-sion of the products is responsible for establishingand maintaining an adequate QS program in com-pliance with MIL-HDBK-200. Army personnelresponsible for QS of multiproduct pipeline opera-tions are required to follow these minimum proce-dures:

• Refer to AR 715-27 for proper sequenceof batches and recommended cut points, for com-putation of volume of interfaces, and for recom-mended batch change records.

• Verify quality of product in pipeline re-ceiving tankage after receipt. Select identificationtest IAW MIL-HDBK-200.

• Plan tank switches and necessary valveoperations in exact compliance with the pumpingorder for better control of the interface formedwhen a new batch is pumped into the line.

• See that necessary velocity and pressurefor turbulent flow is maintained. See that the pres-sure is maintained in every part of the line thatmust be shut down.

• Check color or gravity, depending on theproduct, in all batch changes at each successiveterminal or checkpoint for the dispatcher’s infor-mation as he follows the progress of batches andmakes deliveries from the line.

• Make deliveries at intermediate terminalsand to branch pipelines by means of heart cuts.

• Remove interfaces from the pipeline at thelast takeoff point for each product to simplify han-dling and to prevent formation of new interfaces.

• Observe proper batch sequence to forminterfaces that can be cut into one or both of theadjacent products. Segregate any interface thatcannot be so disposed of.

• Test the segregated interfacial material todetermine what products, if any, it can be blendedwith and in what proportions. The petroleum labo-ratory determines the disposition.

• Check samples from all storage tanks af-ter receipts from the pipeline, (particularly thosefrom tanks that have received part or all of an in-terface) to ensure that the product is within uselimits.

• Earmark the contents of a tank found tobe just within use limits after receipt of an inter-face, for early issue or shipment.. Avoid cutting asecond interface into such a tank before it hasbeen emptied.

• Perform ASTM D 2276 to determine par-ticulate contamination in petroleum products.

Section IV. Cleanliness Standards for Aviation Fuels

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GENERAL

Aviation fuels require special handling andsurveillance. QM units are primarily responsiblefor QS during the receipt, storage, and distributionof bulk petroleum products in a theater of opera-tions. However, the handling and surveillance of aproduct at unit level is the responsibility of thatunit. The aviation unit has the operational respon-sibility for ensuring the aviation fuel receives therequired special surveillance.

FILTER/SEPARATORS

Filters/separators remove solid contaminantsand entrained water from liquid fuels. Generally,filter/separators used by the military, use identicalfilter elements and canisters that meet the re-quirements of Military Specification MIL-F-52308.When fuels are provided by one military service toanother, the filtering done in connection with stor-ing, distributing, and dispensing must meet the re-quirements of the supported unit. To ensure qual-ity, all fuel must be filtered, regardless of the typeof product.

Use of Filter/Separators. Aviation fuel mustbe kept free of solid and water contamination be-fore using. At a fuel system supply point, fil-ter/separators should be installed on the deliveryside between the discharge pump assembly andthe receiving side of the dispensing facilities.Aviation fuels must be passed through an ap-proved filter/separator of suitable capability beforeit is delivered to any receiving unit. It must alsopass through a filter/separator before being putinto any refueling vehicle. Finally, the fuel is againpassed through a qualified filter/separator beforebeing dispensed to an aircraft.

Replacement of Filter Elements. The effec-tiveness of filtration is indicated by the amount ofpressure differential across the filter/separator.

The effectiveness of filtration of aviation fuelsshould be determined after filter elements are ini-tially installed or changed, and every month there-after, by following the procedure described inASTM D 2276. The appropriate TM for each fil-ter separator should be checked for information onthe replacement of filters. The pressure differen-tial with clean, new element(s) is usually 2.5 psi orless. The filter elements should be changed for thefollowing reasons:

• The pressure differential drops suddenly,indicating probable rupture, or it exceeds maximumpressure differential specified for the separator.

• The reading on the pressure differentialindicator is in the red (35 psi and above).

• Laboratory analysis of two successivesamples finds that too much water or particulatematter is getting through the filter/separator.

• A conversion is being made from pumpinga lower grade product to a higher grade one.

• A DOD standard filter element, NSN4330-00-983-0998, that has been in use for 24months should be changed.

• A filter change is made when convertingfrom any fuel to jet fuel.

• Twenty-four months has elapsed or an in-spection shows they are ruptured or not properlyinstalled.

SOLID CONTAMINATION

Solid contamination consists of both sus-pended particles and sediment that may comefrom any of the following sources: sand or dirt,dust from the air, metal from repair or wear, plas-ticixers from hose liners, lint, or black (magnetic)and red (non-magnetic) iron oxides. The size ofparticles and the amount are of critical importancebecause of small clearances in aircraft and dieselequipment. Fine particles are less than 10 micronsin size. A micron is 0.001 millimeter, or 1/25.400 ofan inch. These particles are not ordinarily visible tothe unaided eye. Thus, a fuel without visible solidsis not necessarily acceptable.. Fine particles lessthan 5 microns in size cannot be removed readily

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by settling. Coarse particles are 10 microns orlarger, and these can be detected visually. Suchcontamination settles out fairly easily, and all of itcan be separated by adequate filtration. For addi-tional information on contamination, see Table 3-1.

WATER CONTAMINATION

Water may be present in the dissolved stateor in the free (emulsified) state. Water dissolved infuel is similar to moisture in the atmosphere. Dis-solved water cannot be detected visually, nor canit be removed by filter/separators. Small quantitiesof water do not harm the fuel if the water remainsa solution. However, it separates readily when thefuel cools to a temperature lower than that atwhich the water went into the solution. Dissolved

water becomes free water when it separates fromthe fuel.

Free Water. Free water may appear in theform of a cloud or haze. It may also appear as anemulsion. It may appear in the form of dropletsclinging to the side of containers, or in larger quan-tities on the bottoms of containers. Free water isundesirable because it causes icing, corrosion, andmalfunctioning of aircraft accessories. Free waterin gasoline, diesel fuel, and turbine fuel can be re-moved easily by settling and by adequate fil-ter/separators.

Table 3-1. Contamination table

Contaminant Appearance Characteristics Effects on AircraftWater:Dissolved Water

Free water

Not visible

Light or heavy cloud;droplets clinging to sidesof container; or largeamounts on bottom of con-tainer.

Fresh water only; sepa-rates as cloud when fuelcools.

Fresh water or salt water.

None, as long as it remainsin solution; see free water.

Icing of fuel system, erraticgage readings; largeamounts can cause flame-out; salt water corrodesfuel system components.

Solid matter:Rust

Sand or dust

Aluminum, cadium or mah-nesium.

Red or black powder,rouge, or grains; may ap-pear as dye-like material infuel.

Crystalline, granular, orglass-like.

White or gray powder orpaste.

Red (Fe203) non-magnetic;Black (Fe304) magnetic;often comprises 70-90 per-cent of total solids.

Often comprises 0-20 per-cent of total solids.

Sometimes sticky or gelati-nous when wet; some-times comprises 0-10 per-cent of total solids.

Causes sticking, sluggishor general malfunction offuel controls, flow dividers,pumps, nozzles,

Same as rust.

Same as rust; and mayreduce fight range andhigh altitude performance.

Emulsions:Water-in-fuel

Fuel-in-water

Light or heavy cloud.

Reddish, grayish, or

Finely divided drops ofwater in fuel; same as freewater cloud; usually set-tles out at about the samerate as free water.

Finely divided drops of Same as free water and

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blackish; sticky materialvariously described asgelatinous or gummy;often appears as fibrous orstringy material in clear orcloudy fuel.

fuel in water; often con-tains rust that stabilizesthe emulsion; adheres tomaterials normally in con-tact with fuel; emulsionmay persist for indefiniteperiod; contains 50-70percent water, and 30-50percent fuel.

sediment or suspendedmatter; quickly causesfilter plugging and erraticreadings in fuel quantityprobes.

Miscellaneous:Interfacial matter

Air bubbles

Lacy bubbles or scum ininterface; resembles jellyfish.

Cloud in fuel

Result of bacterial actionon sulfates in fresh water;H2S may be generated.Easily dissipated

Same as free water; de-posits of matter may be leftin fuel tanks.

None.

TESTING EFFLUENT SAMPLES FORWATER.

Samples from aircraft refueling vehiclesshould be tested daily on site using the Aqua-Gloseries II/III ultraviolet detector kit, to determinethe amount of water in the fuel. Also, aviation fuelshould be visually examined each time a sample isanalyzed for solids. Visual inspection proceduresare described below.

• Step 1- Fill a clean 1-liter bottle from theeffluent stream and note appearance of fuel. Rec-ord appearance as clear and bright, hazy, orcloudy.

• Step 2- Observe samples appearing clearand bright for the presence of minute droplets ofwater when sampling.

• Step 3- Allow the sample to stand for 15minutes and repeat step 2 above. Record thepresence of any droplets.