© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Presentation_ID 1

Chapter 3: Network Protocols and Communications

Introduction to Networks

Presentation_ID 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Chapter 3 3.1 Rules of Communication 3.2 Network Protocols and Standards 3.3 Moving Data in the Network 3.4 Summary

Presentation_ID 3 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Chapter 3: Objectives

Students will be able to:

Explain how rules are used to facilitate communication.

Explain the role of protocols and standards organizations in facilitating interoperability in network communications.

Explain how devices on a LAN access resources in a small to medium-sized business network.

3.0.1.1

Presentation_ID 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Network Protocols and Standards Standards Organizations

3.0.1.2

Presentation_ID 5 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

The Rules What is Communication?

3.1.1.1

Do animations on buttons on

3.1.1.1

Presentation_ID 6 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

The Rules Establishing the Rules Establishing the Rules

An identified sender and receiver

Agreed upon method of communicating (face-to-face, telephone, letter, photograph)

Common language and grammar

Speed and timing of delivery

Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements

3.1.1.2

Do buttons on 3.1.1.2

Presentation_ID 7 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

The Rules Message Encoding

3.1.1.3

Do animations on buttons on

3.1.1.3

Presentation_ID 8 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

The Rules Message Formatting and Encapsulation Example: Personal letter contains the following elements:

An identifier of the recipient

A salutation or greeting

The message content

A closing phrase

An identifier of the sender

3.1.1.4

Do animations on buttons on

3.1.1.4

Presentation_ID 9 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

The Rules Message Size The size restrictions of frames require the source host to break a long message into individual pieces that meet both the minimum and maximum size requirements.

This is known as segmenting.

Each segment is encapsulated in a separate frame with the address information, and is sent over the network.

At the receiving host, the messages are de-encapsulated and put back together to be processed and interpreted.

3.1.1.5

Do animations on buttons on

3.1.1.5

Presentation_ID 10 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

The Rules Message Timing Access Method

Flow Control

Response Timeout

3.1.1.6

Do buttons on 3.1.1.6

Presentation_ID 11 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

The Rules Message Delivery Options

3.1.1.7

Do animations on buttons on

3.1.1.7

Presentation_ID 12 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Protocols Rules that Govern Communications

3.2.1.1

Presentation_ID 13 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Protocols Network Protocols How the message is formatted or structured

The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks

How and when error and system messages are passed between devices

The setup and termination of data transfer sessions

3.2.1.3

Know the protocols on

3.2.1.3

Presentation_ID 14 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Protocols Interaction of Protocols Application Protocol – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Transport Protocol – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Internet Protocol – Internet Protocol (IP)

Network Access Protocols – Data Link & Physical layers

3.2.2.1

Presentation_ID 15 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Protocol Suites Protocol Suites and Industry Standards

3.2.2.1

Presentation_ID 16 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Protocol Suites Creation of Internet, Development of TCP/IP

3.2.2.2

Do buttons on 3.2.2.2

Presentation_ID 17 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Protocol Suites TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication

3.2.2.3 Do buttons and animations

on 3.2.2.3

Presentation_ID 18 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Protocol Suites TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication

3.2.2.4 Do Drag and drop activity

on 3.2.2.4

Presentation_ID 19 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Standards Organizations Open Standards The Internet Society (ISOC) The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE) The International Organization for Standards (ISO)

3.2.3.1

Presentation_ID 20 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Standards Organizations ISOC, IAB, and IETF

3.2.3.2

Presentation_ID 21 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Standards Organizations IEEE 38 societies

130 journals

1,300 conferences each year

1,300 standards and projects

400,000 members

160 countries

IEEE 802.3

IEEE 802.11

3.2.3.3

Presentation_ID 22 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Standards Organizations IEEE

3.2.3.3

Important: 802.3 – Ethernet 802.11 - Wireless

Presentation_ID 23 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Standards Organizations ISO

3.2.3.4

Important: This model is our basis

for discussing networking!

Presentation_ID 24 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI in a Nutshell Layer Keyword(s) Device Protocol

Data Unit TCP/IP Utilities

7 Application Web Browser Computer Data FTP, TFTP

6 Presentation common data format Data

5 Session dialing the phone Data

4 Transport Flow Control

Reliability Sequencing

Segments

3 Network Routing

Path Selection Logical Addressing

Router Packets Ping

Trace Route

2 Data Link Frames Media Access Control (MAC)

Bridge Switch NIC

Frames ARP

1 Physical Hardware

Electricity Light Radio Waves

Transceiver Repeater

Hub Bits

Know All These!

3.2.3.4 Class Activity – hands on OSI model drag and drop

Presentation_ID 25 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Standards Organizations Other Standards Organization The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

The International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

3.2.3.5

Presentation_ID 26 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Standards Organizations Activity - Standards Body Scavenger Hunt

3.2.3.7

Do activity 3.2.3.7 in class

Presentation_ID 27 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Reference Models The Benefits of Using a Layered Model

3.2.4.1

Presentation_ID 28 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Reference Models The Benefits of Using a Layered Model

3.2.4.1

Be able to match OSI layers to

TCP/IP model layers

Presentation_ID 29 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Reference Models The OSI Reference Model

3.2.4.2

Click on buttons 3.2.4.2

Presentation_ID 30 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Reference Models The TCP/IP Reference Model

3.2.4.3

Presentation_ID 31 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Reference Models Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models

3.2.4.4

Be able to match

OSI layers to TCP/IP model layers

Presentation_ID 32 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Reference Models Activity – Identify Layers and Functions

3.2.4.5

Do the activates on both buttons

on 3.2.4.5

Presentation_ID 33 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Reference Models Packet Tracer - Investigating the TCP/IP and OSI Models in Action

3.2.4.6

Do lab 3.2.4.6 For a grade

Presentation_ID 34 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Data Encapsulation Communicating the Messages Segmenting message benefits

Different conversations can be interleaved

Increased reliability of network communications

Segmenting message disadvantage Increased level of complexity

3.3.1.1

Do buttons and

animations on 3.3.1.1

Presentation_ID 35 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Data Encapsulation Protocol Data Units (PDUs) Data

Segment

Packet

Frame

Bits

3.3.1.2

Know PDU for each

layer!

Presentation_ID 36 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Data Encapsulation Encapsulation

3.3.1.3

Do animation on 3.3.1.3

Presentation_ID 37 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Data Encapsulation De-encapsulation

3.3.1.4

Do animation on 3.3.1.4

Presentation_ID 38 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Data Encapsulation Activity – Identify the PDU Layer

3.3.1.5

Do Drag and Drop on 3.3.1.5 In class

Presentation_ID 39 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Moving Data in the Network Accessing Local Resources

3.3.2.1

Presentation_ID 40 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Accessing Local Resources Network Addresses & Data Link addresses Network Address

Source IP address Destination IP address

Data Link Address Source data link address Destination data link address

3.3.2.1

Presentation_ID 41 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Accessing Local Resources Communicating with Device / Same Network

3.3.2.2

Presentation_ID 42 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Accessing Local Resources MAC and IP Addresses

PC1 192.168.1.110

AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA

PC2 192.168.1.111

BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB

FTP Server 192.168.1.9

CC-CC-CC-CC-CC-CC

R1 192.168.1.1

11-11-11-11-11-11 ARP

Request S1 R1

3.3.2.3

Understand ARP

protocol!

Do animation on 3.3.2.3

Presentation_ID 43 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Accessing Remote Resources Default Gateway

3.3.3.1

Key concept: Default

Gateway

Presentation_ID 44 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Accessing Remote Resources Communicating Device / Remote Network

3.3.3.2

Presentation_ID 45 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Accessing Remote Resources Packet Tracer - Explore a Network

3.3.3.3 – 3.3.3.4

Do this one?

Wire shark lab 3.3.3.4

Extra credit?

Presentation_ID 46 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Accessing Remote Resources Using Wireshark to View Network Traffic

3.3.3.4

Presentation_ID 47 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Network Protocols and Communications Summary In this chapter, you learned:

Data networks are systems of end devices, intermediary devices, and the media connecting the devices. For communication to occur, these devices must know how to communicate.

These devices must comply with communication rules and protocols. TCP/IP is an example of a protocol suite.

Most protocols are created by a standards organization such as the IETF or IEEE.

The most widely-used networking models are the OSI and TCP/IP models.

3.4.1.1 – 3.4.1.2

Presentation_ID 48 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Network Protocols and Communications Summary In this chapter, you learned:

Data that passes down the stack of the OSI model is segmented into pieces and encapsulated with addresses and other labels. The process is reversed as the pieces are de-encapsulated and passed up the destination protocol stack.

The OSI model describes the processes of encoding, formatting, segmenting, and encapsulating data for transmission over the network.

The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard protocol that has been endorsed by the networking industry and ratified, or approved, by a standards organization.

3.4.1.1 – 3.4.1.2

Presentation_ID 49 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Network Protocols and Communications Summary In this chapter, you learned:

The Internet Protocol Suite is a suite of protocols required for transmitting and receiving information using the Internet.

Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite: data, segment, packet, frame, and bits.

Applying models allows individuals, companies, and trade associations to analyze current networks and plan the networks of the future.

3.4.1.1 – 3.4.1.2

Presentation_ID 50 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential