EXIT CHAPTER

333CHAPTER

3.1 Modeling the Planet

3.2 Mapmaking and Technology

3.3 Topographic Maps

CHAPTER OUTLINECHAPTER OUTLINE

Models of Earth

Three common types of map projections are

Mercator,

CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth

A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can

distort the shape, distance, and directions of

different physical features. Different map projections

are used to minimize distortion.

333CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY3.1 Modeling the Planet

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

Mercator Projection

Three common types of map projections are

Mercator,

CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth

A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can

distort the shape, distance, and directions of

different physical features. Different map projections

are used to minimize distortion.

333CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY3.1 Modeling the Planet

gnomonic,

Gnomonic Projection

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

Three common types of map projections are

Mercator, and polyconic.

CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth

A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can

distort the shape, distance, and directions of

different physical features. Different map projections

are used to minimize distortion.

333CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY3.1 Modeling the Planet

gnomonic,

Polyconic Projection

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth

On a map, horizontal lines show latitude, positions

north and south of the equator.

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VOCABULARY

Vertical lines show longitude, positions east and west

of the prime meridian.

3.1 Modeling the Planet

Map scales compare the size of the map with Earth’s

surface.Latitude

90°N

90°S

60°N

60°S

30°N

30°S

Equator0°

Longitude

90°W

90°E60

°W

30°W

60°E

30°E

Pri

me

Mer

idia

n0°

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

A flat, two-dimensional representation ofEarth’s surface and features.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

map

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

One who makes maps.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

cartographer

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

A representation of the spherical Earth on theflat plane of a map.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

projection

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

An equal division of Earth’s surface intonorthern and southern halves or eastern andwestern halves.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

hemisphere

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

The imaginary line dividing Earth’s surface intoNorthern and Southern Hemispheres;establishes 0° latitude.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

equator

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

The imaginary line dividing Earth’s surface intoEastern and Western Hemispheres,established as 0° at Greenwich, England; thestarting point for standard time zones.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

prime meridian

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

East-west lines parallel to the equator used tomeasure distance in degrees north and south,from 0° at the equator to 90° north and south atthe poles.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

latitude

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

North-south lines running between the poles,used to measure distance in degrees east andwest of the prime meridian, from 0° at theprime meridian to 180° east and west.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

longitude

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

On a map, the comparison of distance unitsused with actual distances on Earth’s surface;may be expressed as a ratio, a fraction, or in ascale bar.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

map scale

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth

Mapmaking techniques have dramatically changed

over the past 60 years. The use of remote-sensing

methods allows mapmakers to produce accurate

maps of many places on Earth.

333CHAPTER

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VOCABULARY3.2 Mapmaking and Technology

radar

false-color image

A scanner on a satelliteconstantly records datafrom Earth’s surface.Instruments measureelectromagnetic wavesemitted by each objecton Earth.

The data collected isconverted to code,then pixels. Softwarethen coverts the pixelsinto usage images.

PixelsCode15197 128

9713364

10246 78

Image

CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth

Two important types of mapping systems that use

remote-sensing data and computers are the global

positioning system (GPS) and geographic

information systems (GIS).

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Images produced using data from satellites are used

in many areas of science and research.

3.2 Mapmaking and Technology

With the help of computers, cartographers use

remote-sensing data to make detailed maps.

radar

false-color image

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

A method of detecting distant objects andrecording their features and properties byanalysis of electromagnetic waves reflectedfrom their surfaces.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

radar

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

radar

false-color image

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

A computer image that assigns distinctivecolors to different wavelengths of light reflectedfrom a distant object, delineating surfacefeatures; used frequently in satellite images ofEarth from space.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

false-color image

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

radar

false-color image

CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth

Topographic maps show the physical features of an

area, its topography. The maps indicate elevation

and average slope by using contour lines.

333CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY3.3 Topographic Maps

topographic map

topograpy

contour lines

contour interval

slope

magnetic declination

Contour linesshow changes inelevation on thistopographic map.

Index contour

Contour line

CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth

Different symbols and colors are used to indicate

various features on topographic maps, including

bodies of water and human-made structures.

333CHAPTER

VOCABULARY3.3 Topographic Maps

A topographic map of Portland, Maine shows variousphysical features of the area.

River

Settled area

Isobath

topographic map

topograpy

contour lines

contour interval

slope

magnetic declination

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

A map that uses contour lines and symbols toshow the surface features of a particular area,including natural features like mountains,valleys, bodies of water, as well as human-made features like bridges, buildings, androads.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

topographic map

topographic map

topograpy

contour lines

contour interval

slope

magnetic declination

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

All natural and human-made surface featuresof a particular area.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

topography

topographic map

topograpy

contour lines

contour interval

slope

magnetic declination

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

Lines on a topographic map showing elevationof land above or below sea level, all pointsconnected by a line having the same elevation.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

contour lines

topographic map

topograpy

contour lines

contour interval

slope

magnetic declination

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

The difference in elevation between twoconsecutive contour lines.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

contour interval

topographic map

topograpy

contour lines

contour interval

slope

magnetic declination

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

The steepness of a landscape, calculated asthe change in elevation divided by the distancecovered.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

slope

topographic map

topograpy

contour lines

contour interval

slope

magnetic declination

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

The angle by which the compass needle variesfrom true north; magnetic variation.

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

magnetic declination

topographic map

topograpy

contour lines

contour interval

slope

magnetic declination

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

A. Maps

B. Map Projections

C. Latitude and Longitude

D. Map Scales

1. Mercator Projection

2. Gnomonic Projection

KEY IDEA SUMMARYKEY IDEA SUMMARY

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

I. Modeling the Planet

3. Polyconic Projection

E. Map Orientation

map

cartographer

projection

hemisphere

equator

prime meridian

latitude

longitude

map scale

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

A. How Cartographers Traditionally Worked

B. How Technology Has Changed Mapmaking

C. Satellite Technology

D. Computer Technology

KEY IDEA SUMMARYKEY IDEA SUMMARY

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

II. Mapmaking and Technology

E. New Ways to Print and Produce Maps

1. The Global Positioning System

2. Geographic Information Systems

radar

false-color image

Models of Earth333CHAPTER

A. Qualities of Topographic Maps

B. Understanding Topographic Map Symbols

C. Using Topographic Maps

1. Contour Lines

2. Slope and Elevation

KEY IDEA SUMMARYKEY IDEA SUMMARY

VOCABULARY

CHAPTER HOME

III. Topographic Mapstopographic map

topograpy

contour lines

contour interval

slope

magnetic declination