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CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
Sections in methodology:
-Setting, participants, duration-Data collection: Instrument to collect data. Systematic data collection provides valid and reliable data.-Data analysis: Compilation and interpretation of primary and secondary sources of information. -Statistics: Need to have knowledge in statistics in quantitative research.
SOURCES OF SOURCES OF DATADATA
Primary SourcePrimary Source•Data collected by researchers of the
current study.•Data gathered
through questionnaire,interviews,
observations etc.
Secondary SourceSecondary Source•Data collected,
compiled or written by other
researchers e.g. books, journals, newspapers
•All sources must be acknowledged.
Quantitative data
Qualitative data
vs.
Primary sources: Quantitative
Used to quantify size, distribution and association of variables in a study population. Ask questions such as ‘How many?’ ‘How often?’ and ‘How significant?’ Answers to questions can be counted and expressed numerically. Use structured questionnaires that allow the researcher to quantify pre- or post-categorised answers to questions.
Primary sources: Qualitative
Identify and explore mutually related variables about human behaviour (motivations, opinions, attitudes). Asks questions - ‘What is the nature and causes of the problem?” and “What are the consequences to affected group?” Use flexible techniques – loosely structured interviews with open-ended questions, focus group discussions, and participant observation. Produce qualitative data often recorded in narrative form.
METHODS TO COLLECTMETHODS TO COLLECTPRIMARY DATAPRIMARY DATA
1. Interviews2. Questionnaires3. Experiment4. Case Study5. Observation
However, for a small-scale social sciences study, the most commonly used methods are interviews, questionnaires and observations.
Effective way of gathering information
INTERVIEW
Involves verbal and non-verbal communications
Can be conducted face to face, by telephone,
online or through mail
Both Autism and Asperger’s syndrome are increasingly referred to as Autism Spectrum Disorders, in that they cause delays in typical development of a child across a broad range of areas. Asperger's syndrome is at the milder end of this spectrum. These disorders begin in early childhood and continue through to adult life. They affect three crucial areas of development, which are sometimes referred to as the triad of impairments: • Verbal and nonverbal communication• Social interaction• Imaginative or creative play.
Source: http://www.autism-help.org/introduction-asperger-autism.htm
ACTIVITY: Class – read aloud
Go to this website and read the article.
http://theautismnews.com/2012/03/15/child-with-autism-accused-of-shoplifting-from-boynton-mall-store/
ACTIVITY: Individual task
If you were a police officer,
1)Who are you going to interview?2)What are 3 questions you would like to ask during the interview?
ACTIVITY: Teamwork
o To avoid misleading answers by interviewees:
Introduce purpose of study
adequately. Phrase questions on sensitive
issues in a positive way.
o Take sufficient time for the interview.
o Assure confidentiality.
o Information bias; Quality of data, missing cases.
Prepare your interview schedule
Select your subjects/ key informants
Conduct the interview
Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview
EFFECTIVE INTERVIEW
Observe verbal & non-verbal communication, surrounding atmosphere,
culture & situation
Observations
Need to keep meticulous records of
the observations
Can be done through discussions,observations of habits, rituals,
review of documentation,experiments
ACTIVITY: Individual task
Watch this video clip. Note down your observation.
Can you come up with suggestions and/ or conclusionsbased on your observation notes?
If yes, what are they?
If no, why?
ACTIVITY: Teamwork
To avoid observer bias:
See or hear things of interest and miss critical information.Need observation guidelines to conduct loosely structured interviews. Data collectors work in pairs to discuss and interpret data immediately after collecting it (while the information is freshly memorized).
Determine what needs to be observed(Plan, prepare checklist, how to record data)
Select your participantsRandom/Selected
Conduct the observation(venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs )
Analyze and interpret data collected
Compile data collected
EFFECTIVE OBSERVATION
The most common data collection instrument
Questionnaire
Useful to collect quantitative and qualitative
information
Contain 3 important elements:1. Introduction – to explain the objectives
2. Instructions – must be clear, simple language & short3. User-friendly – avoid difficult or ambiguous questions
Basic terminologies:
Scales of measurement – nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio Sample and population Sampling methods Reliability and validity Normal distribution Hypotheses testing Tests of significance Interpretation of data
Basic types of survey Basic types of survey questionsquestions
1. Open-ended Questions◦ Free-
response (Text Open End)
◦ Fill-in relevant information
2. Close-ended Questions◦ Dichotomous
question◦ Multiple-choice◦ Rank◦ Scale◦ Categorical◦ Numerical
Take out the questionnaire you found from the Internet.Compare the questionnaire that you found with your teammembers. Choose the best one to illustrate the differenttypes of survey questions in that questionnaire.
ACTIVITY: Teamwork
Defective questionnaires:
- fixed or closed questions asking ‘wrong things’- open-ended questions without guidelines- vague questions- leading questions- double barrel questions- questions not in sequence- weighing scales not standardised
Prepare your survey questions(Formulate & choose types of questions, order them,
write instructions, make copies)
Select your respondents/samplingRandom/Selected
Administer the survey questionnaire(date, venue, time )
Analyze and interpret data collected
Tabulate data collected (Statistical analysis-frequency/mean/correlation/% )
EFFECTIVE QUESTIONNAIRE
Any questions so far?
To be continued…
DATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSIS
3. In a small scale study, the most common forms of statistical analysis presented are:
•Frequency•Mean•Percentage
1. To analyse data from interviews and observation, use
Summary sheet
Checklist
2. To analyse data from questionnaires, use
Manually
SPSS
DATA INTERPRETATIONDATA INTERPRETATION
1. It involves 2 terms• ‘Results’ – presentation of data/findings (statistics)• ‘Discussion’ – interpretation of data/findings
2. Things to consider when interpreting your data:• Interpret findings based on the purpose and objectives of your study• Relate the findings to real life context• Use persuasive language to convince your readers to see the research from your point of view.• Order your interpretation to highlight the most important findings• Include limitations to your research.• Use simple, clear language
THANK YOU