Chapter 3

Lesson 1

Has Matt ever cooked?

Yes, he has. He has already cooked.

Have Elisha and Emily ever delivered food?

No, they haven’t. They have never delivered food. But

Emily has already delivered newspapers.

If I needed a waitress I would hire Emily because she has

already waited on people.

Pour demander si quelqu’un a déjà fait quelque

chose, on utilise le present perfect avec [ever] on

parle d’une expérience.

[ever] = déjà (questions)

[already] = déjà (affirmations)

Le present perfect avec [already / never] est utilisé

pour faire un bilan de ce qu’on a déjà / jamais fait.

Grammar

Chapter 3

Lesson 2

How long have you been playing basketball?

I have been playing basketball since I was five years

old.

How long has Lindsey been taking acting lessons?

She has been taking acting lessons for two years.

On utilise le present perfect [be+V-ing] quand on fait

le bilan d’une action en cours ou que l’on considère

comme étant en cours. (Voir C2 L5) Ex: I’ve been thinking / You have been lying to me / he has been living

here since …

Pour dire depuis, on utilisera for ou since:

for indiquera la durée de l’action.

since indiquera le point de départ de l’action.

Le present perfect permet de faire le bilan de qqch

que l’on considère comme n’étant pas en cours (comme

un retraité parle de son travail). Ex: I have worked there for …

Grammar

Chapter 3

Lesson 3

Will Sarah and Peter make a lot of money?

Yes, they will. They will make a lot of money.

Will Emily go to college?

No, she won’t. She won’t go to college.

will + BV permet de parler du futur.

Quand l’énonciateur utilise will il indique qu’il est

certain de la réalisation de l’action dont il parle.

will + not = won’t

Grammar

Chapter 3

Lesson 4

Is Britney going to ask her parents for money?

No, she isn’t. She isn’t going to ask her parents. She

is going to have a garage sale.

Are Kenny and Lauren going to babysit?

Yes, they are. They are going to babysit. They are not

going to deliver pizzas.

be going to + BV permet de faire référence à des

projets, intentions.

On utilise aussi be going to + BV pour faire une

déduction à partir d’éléments connus. Ex: It is going to rain. (Si le ciel est nuageux)

Grammar

Chapter 3

Lesson 5

People work so that they can make money and pay

their bills.

Companies don’t use robots so they can fire people.

They use robots in order to be more productive.

Scott wants to make pocket money in order to buy a

new computer.

in order to permet d’indiquer le but d’une action. Il

est suivi d’une BV. On peut le traduire par pour.

so (that) permet d’indiquer le but d’une action. Il est

suivi par un sujet. On peut le traduire par afin de / dans

le but de.

Grammar

Chapter 3

Lesson 6

The school system could help pupils work better by

making less crowded classes.

John would like to take acting lessons instead of

doing Maths. I would like to learn Japanese instead of

studying French.

Harry and Eric can’t improve their marks without

working. Trish can’t improve her marks without paying

attention in class.

by / instead of / without permettent d’indiquer le

moyen d’une action.

Ils fonctionnent avec un V-ing.

by … = en …

instead of … = au lieu de …

without … = sans …

It is (not) worth + V-ing = Cela (ne) vaut (pas) la peine de …

Grammar