Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of Programming Language

7/28/2019 Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of Programming Language

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FP101PROGRAMMINGPRINCIPLES

CHAPTER 3

FUNDAMENTALS OF

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Norzimah Che Hassan


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Course Learning Outcome(CLO):Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

1) Explain the basic computer and programming fundamentals with

appropriate examples of language and technology.

2) Apply the different types of algorithm to solve problem efficiently.

3) Solve problem effectively by applying related theories of the basic

programming language to a given particular scenario using

programming life cycle.

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Topic Specification3.1 Understand data and identifier

3.2 Solve problem using operators in aprogram

3.3 Apply program control structure



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3.1 Understand Data & Identifier



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Understand Data & Identifier What is data?

Input for the program

Pre-processing fact Data types:

Numeric

Non-numeric



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Data Types: Numeric A type of data that use to do a calculation

only.

2 types:

Integer Number (..-2,-1,0,1,2..)

Explicit Number (Floating number)



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Data Types: Non Numeric Consist character, number, words, and

specific symbol.

We put them inside the apostrophe ( ).

Example: A, task2 , & , ()



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Data Types Table :

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Data Types Description Example

Numeric Integer Integers only -5, -90, 5, 0, 34

Floating Integers + floating

numbers

-8.9 , 9.6, 2

9.001, 0.7

Non-numeric Characters, numbers andsymbol

A, a, +, ()

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EXERCISE Determine the data types:

2337

0.56

4.7

2

%

/



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Data Structures/ Hierarchy : Data Hierarchy refers to the systematic

organization of data, often in a hierarchical

form. Data organization involves fields,

records, files and database. Bit

Byte

Field

Record

File

Database



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BIT Basic unit of memory.

Either 0 or 1 can be stored.

Smallest data of unit storage



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BYTE Ordered collection of 8 bits

Series of bits that represent characters.



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FIELD Holds a single fact

Consider a date field, e.g. "September

19, 2004 have 3 fields Month

Day of month

Year

Column in database



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Example of Field


DAY

MONTH

YEAR


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Example of Field



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RECORD Collection of related fields

Combination field about a thing, person,

place etc. Row in database



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EXAMPLE OF RECORD



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FILE Collection of related records

Table in database



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EXAMPLE OF FILE



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DATABASE One or more data files / table

A database is a collection of data that is

organized so that it can easily beaccessed, managed, and updated.



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EXAMPLE OF DATABASE



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Data Structures

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BIT

BYTE or CHARACTER (8 bits)

FIELD or COLUMN (one or more Bytes)

RECORD or ROW (one or more Fields)

FILE or TABLE

(one or more Record)

DATABASE

( one or more Files)

DATA SYSTEM

(one or more

Database)

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Identify Terms: Identifier

Variables

Constant



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IDENTIFIER The given name to multiple elements in

programming such as constant, variables

and function.



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VARIABLES Location memory

Will keep data value

The value are changeableduring entireprogramming execution.



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VARIABLES


int a;int b;

int c;

a = 5;b = 2;

a = a + 1;

result = a - b;

Declaration of variables


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VARIABLES


// operating with variables#include

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

// declaring variables:

int a, b;int result;

// process:

a = 5;

b = 2;

a = a + 1;

result = a - b;// print out the result:

cout


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CONSTANT Constants are expressions with a fixed

value.

The value are not changeable duringentire programming execution.

Example:


const int days_in_year = 365;

const float ChickenPerKg= 17.5;


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CONSTANT vs. VARIABLES

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Constant Variables

Value :- 25 Variables name: Age

Value :- 25, 30, 15

Value : - 3.2 Variables name: Cash

Value :- 2.5, 3.0, 1.5

Value :- Kangar Variables name: CityValue :- Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur,

Georgetown

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How to write identifier?

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Combination of: Character (A - Z), (a - z)

Digit (0 - 9)

Underscore(_)

Cannot start with digit

Not have reserve words

No blank space

No limit of character usage but the system will

identify first 32 character

Case sensitive

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EXERCISE

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Determine either this is a valid identifier:

1. my_school

2. 100students

3. Vari,ables

4. PoliteknikBalikPulau

5. PLAYINGFOOTBALL

6. Playing Football7. Saya_suka_membaca

8. %fail

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3.2 Solve problem UsingOperators in a Program



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Operators in a Program What is OPERATOR?

A symbol to represent particular computer

operation. Consists of:

i. Arithmetic Operators

ii. Relational Operators

iii. Logical Operators



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ARITHMETICOPERATOR



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Arithmetic Operator It have 5 basic operator in programming

language: Symbol Operator

+ Addition

_ Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

% Modulus



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Arithmetic Operator Modulus (%)? To get balance from two handling division.

i.e.:

a) 5 % 3 is 2

13

5

3

2 BALANCE IS 2!



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b) 17 % 4 is 1.

BALANCE IS 1!

4 17

16

1

4



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Operator Priority

Operator Priority

( ) Highest

* / % Higher

+ - Lower

It have a basic priority that should know :



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Operator Prioritya) x = 5 + 2 * 4 1

x = 5 + 2 * 4 1

x = 5 + 8 1x = 13 - 1

x = 12for the same priority,start from left side.



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Operator Priorityb) x = ( 5 + 2 ) * ( 4 - 1)

x = ( 5 + 2 ) * ( 4 - 1)

x = 7 * 3

x = 21

Bracket has a highest

priority!!



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EXERCISEGet the answer for this question:

a) 9 + 1 2

b) 2 * 5 + 2 / 1

c) 12 % 5

d) 4 + (7 - 3) * 3

e) ( 2 * 4 ) * 2 ( 6 + 2 ) / 8



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RELATIONALOPERATOR



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Relational Operation To compare 2 operator. Same data type, i.e. integer, character or string.

The result is eitherTRUEorFALSE.

Symbol Description

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater or equal than


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LOGICALOPERATOR



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Logical Operator To test some operation

Have 3 symbol:

Symbol Description

&& AND

|| OR

! NOT



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Logical OperatorBase on TRUTH TABLE.

P Q P && Q P || Q

FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE

TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE

TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE



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Logical OperatorExample:

Given a=3 and b=5;

a) x = (a > 0) && (b > 0)The x value is TRUEbecause 3 is greater

than 0 AND 5 is greater than 0 as well.

b) x = ( a < b ) && ( b == 0 )The x value is FALSE . Although 3 is less

than 5, but 5 is not equal with zero.



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EXERCISEFind x value either TRUE or FALSE from the

following equation:

Given a=2 and b=4;

a) x = ( a != 0 ) | | ( b != 0 )

b) x = ( a == b ) | | (b==0)

c) x = ! ( a == b )

d) x = ! ( a < b)



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INCREMENTANDDECREMENT OPERATOR



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Increment And DecrementOperator Sometimes, we need to increment or

decrement a single value in programming.

The value is as below:

Valid for variables only i.e. a++, b++, a--, b--,

x++, y-- and invalid for constant

i.e. 5-- or 9++.

Symbol Operator

++ Add 1

-- Minus 1



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Increment And DecrementOperator The ++ and -- can be put before or

after variables.

i.e. we can write a++ or ++a, b-- or --b.



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ExampleGiven; a = 3

b = 5

a++

a value is 4a-- a value is 2

b++ b value is 6

b-- b value is 4



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EXERCISEGiven; x = 8

y = 6

Find value for:

1. x++2. x--

3. y++

4. y5. ++x

6. --y



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3.3 Apply Program ControlStructures



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Logical Structures 3 types of program control structures:

i. Sequence

ii. Selection

iii. Repetition



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SEQUENCE



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Sequence Command set which is execute line by line. Follows logic flow.

Example:

You need to develop the program which canread student name and count their total mark

for one semester. Then the program can print

the marks.

Formula:

Total marks = continuous evaluation + final evaluation



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Answer : Algorithm1. Read student name

2. Read continuous evaluation marks

3. Read final evaluation marks4. Count total marks by add continuous

evaluation and final evaluation

5. Print student name and their total marks.



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Answer: Pseudo CodeBegin

Read student name, continuous evaluation

marks, final evaluation marks

Count total marks=

continuous evaluation + final evaluation

Print student name and total marks

End



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Answer : Flow ChartStart

Read student name,

continuous evaluation,

final evaluation

Count

Total marks = continuous

evaluation + final evaluation

Print students name, totalmarks

End



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EXERCISE.. Develop a program which can count a

room wide.

Wide = Length x Width



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SELECTION



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Selection The expression which result on TRUE or

FALSE.

Consists 2 keywords: if

else



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Selection The selection control structure can be

categorized into 4 groups :

1. ifstatement

2. if-else statement

3. if-else statement (nested)

4. Switch statement



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IF Statement The IF statement will perform an action if

the condition is true and ignorethe

action if the condition is false.



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Example : IF Statementif speed > 110 print penalty



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Answer : Algorithm1. Read speed

2. If speed more than 110, print penalty



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Answer: Pseudo CodeBegin

Read speed

if speed> 110, print penaltyend if

End



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Answer: Flow ChartBegin

Read speed

Speed

> 110

True

End

False

Print

Penalty



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EXERCISE.. If marks < 40 print fail.



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IF-ELSE Statement The IF statement will perform an action if the

condition is true and perform another action if

the condition is false.



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Example: if-else statementIf speed > 110 print penalty

Else print no penalty



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Answer : Algorithm1. Read speed

2. If speed more than 110, print penalty

3. Else, print no penalty



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Answer : Flow ChartStart

Read speed

Speed

> 110

TrueFalse

End

Print

Penalty

Print No

Penalty



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EXERCISE..If marks < 40 print fail

Else print pass



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IF-ELSE Statement(Nested) The IF-ELSE nested statement is a condition

when we have an if in another if body.

We use this control structure if we have many

selection to be handle with.

Syntax:

if .

else if

else



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Example : If-Else NestedStatementCreate a program that can recognize and print

the price base on user prompt code. If user

enter a non-available value, the program will

print Code Not Recognize.

Code Price (RM)

1 2.00

2 4.00

3 6.00

4 8.00



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Example: Algorithm1.Read code

2. If code equal to one, then print RM2.00

3. Else if code equal to 2, then print RM4.00



6. Else print Code Not Recognize



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Example: Pseudo CodeBeginRead code

i fcode = 1

print RM2.00

else ifcode = 2

print RM4.00

else ifcode = 3

print RM6.00

else ifcode = 4

print RM8.00else

Print Code Not Recognized

End

81Norzimah Che Hassan Example: Flow Chart


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Start

Read

code

Code

=1

Code

=2

Code

=3

T

F

T

F

T

Code

=4

F

T

Print Code

Not

Recognized

F

End

Print

RM2.00

Print

RM4.00

Print

RM6.00

Print

RM8.00



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EXERCISE..Develop a program which can determinea driver expertise by count their training

day.Training day Expertise

0 None

1 - 3 Weak

4 - 10 Average

>10 Expert



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REPETITION



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Repetition Using loop structure.

3 types of loop:

While Do .. While

For



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While Loop Repeat as pre-condition is true

while (condition)

{

loop body

}



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While Loop The while construct consists of a block of code

and a condition.

The condition is evaluated, and if the condition

is true, the code within the block is executed. This repeats until the condition becomes false.

Because while loops check the conditionbefore the block is executed, the control

structure is often also known as a pre-testloop.



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While General

Condition

Loop body

True

False



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While Example Create a program that can print the value

which is less than 5.



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While Pseudo CodeBegin

Read value= 0

while value < 5Print value

value=value+1

end while

End



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While Source Code



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Do-While Loop Repeat as post-condition is true

do

{

loop body}

while (condition)



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Do-While Loop The do whileconstruct consists of a block of

code and a condition.

First, the code within the block is executed, and

then the condition is evaluated. If the condition is true the code within the block is

executed again. This repeats until the conditionbecomes false.

Because do while loops check the condition afterthe block is executed, the control structure isoften also known as a post-test loop.



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Do-While General

ConditionLoop body

True

False



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Do-While Example Create a program that can print the value




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Do-While Pseudo codeBegin

Read value= 0

repeatPrint value

value=value+1

until value < 5

End


Do-While Flow Chart


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Value < 5

?

Start

Value = 0

End

Print value

True

False

Value =

Value+1



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Do-While Source Code



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For loop Suitable if we know the number of iterations.

expr1 is executed only once before looping.

expr2 is a Boolean expression. If not given, it is

assumed to be true. If expr2 is false, the loop is terminated.

After execution of the repeat section, expr3 isexecuted.

for (expr1;expr2;expr3)

{

s1;

s2 ;

}



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For loop The for loop is often distinguished by an

explicit loop counter or loop variable.

This allows the body of the for loop (the code

that is being repeatedly executed) to know

about the sequencing of each iteration.

for loops are also typically used when the

number of iterations is known before enteringthe loop.



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For loop

for ( , , )

{

printf( );

}

12

5

3 4



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For Example Create a program that can print the value




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For Pseudo codeBegin

Read value

For value < 5

Print value

value=value+1

End for

End



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For Example


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Documents

Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of Programming Language