CHAPTER - 3

EXISTING PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA:

ANDHRA PRADESH AND CASE STUDY CITIES

3 1 INTRODUCTION

3 2 PROFILE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

3 3 CASE STUDY CITIES (Tlrupatl& V~jayawada)

3.1. INTRODUCTION

lndia was a union of 562 small princely states and nine British

Provinces prior to independence; it was only after independence that the

count& was divided into two parts, lndia and Pakistan (which had two units.

West Pakistan and East Pakistan). This division resulted in a number of

political, economic, cultural and social changes. At present lndia is divided

mainly on linguistic basis into 28 States and seven centrally administered

territories.

Physiographically lndia is divided into four regions, namely the

northern mountain zone, plains of the Ganga and Indus, the desert region,

and the Southem Peninsula. Agriculture provides livelihood to about 64 per

cent of the total population. The main crops of the region are wheat, rice,

maize, millet, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, sugarcane, spices, vegetables and

fruit. The mineral resources of the region are coal, lignite, aluminium, copper,

lead and zinc. The major industries are steel, petroleum refinery, chemicals,

cement; ship building, heavy and light engineering products, railway engines

and wagons, textiles, computer hardware and software, and communication.

Coastal areas have warm summers and cool winters, and the hinterland has

hot summers and cold winters. The average annual rainfall widely across the

country ranges from 10 centimetres in the northwest desert to over 300

centimetres in the part of Assam.

3.2. PROFILE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

Andhra Pradesh is endowed with a variety of physiographic features

ranging from high hills, undulating plains to a coastal deltaic environment. It

has valuable natural resources consisting fertile land, water and the agro-

climatic conditions are conducive. It is an agriculturally prosperous state.

Andhra Pradesh is historically called the Rice Bowl of India. The state has a

large river system which supplements the rainfall in the state. It is one of the

few states in the country blessed with riverine geography (Fig No. 3.1).

I Location Map of Andhra Pradesh, Titupati & Vijayawada 7gU126'tI

Location: Andhra Pradesh lies between 12'41' and 22" N latitude

and 77 and 84"401E longitude. Andhra Pradesh is bounded on the north by

Orissa and Chhattisgarh, on the west by Maharashtra and Karnataka, on the

south by Tamil Nadu and on the east by the Bay of Bengal with a coastline of

974 km, the longest coastline among all the States in India. It forms the major

link between the north and south of India. It is the biggest and most populous

state in the south of India. It spread over an area of 275,068 km2.

Physiographically the state is divided into Telangana (the plateau region),

Coastal Andhra (the coastal region) and Rayalaseema (the rocky region).

Climate: Andhra Pradesh receives rainfall from the south-west

monsoon as well as the north-east monsoon. The first begins in the second

week of June and lasts still September while the second occurs in October to

November. The State's coastal areas receive heavy rains during the north

east monsoon and are also subject to cyclonic conditions which cause

enormous damage to residential accommodation and to standing crops. The

rainfall decreases from north to south. The Nizamabad district in Telangana

receives about 87.5 cm of rain while Anantapur in Rayalaseema receives only

31 cm. The state has a really hot summer but after the rain begins in the

middle of June, there is a decline in the heat when humidity takes over. There

is a mild winter in December but the temperature does not go down below 16

degree Celsius. While the south-west monsoon is comparatively heavy in the

northern parts of the state, the north-east monsoon brings more rain to the

southern areas like Rayalaseema. The hot season causes the mercury to rise

to troublesome proportions in the months of April and May when it could shoot

up to 40 degrees and more (Fig No. 3.2).

Rainfall in Andhra Pradesh - 1998 to 2003 I

1988-99 199800 2000-01 2001-02 200243 YEARS

I Fig No. 3.2 Souror: M&omlopical Centre, Indian Weomlogical Department, Oowmment of Indla,

Physiography: Andhra Pradesh has considerable topographical

variations with dense forest in the north east, flat paddy lands in the coastal

plains, several noteworthy beaches along the Bay of Bengal and the stark

boulder-strewn region around Hyderabad.

, The three main geographic provinces of Andhra Pradesh are:

1. The coastal plains, blessed with pleasant weather and rich

alluvial plains.

2. The Eastem Ghats which consist of exotic forest and rivers

running through rocky hills.

3. Coal beds, gneisses, granites and basaltic lava that constitute

the peninsular plateau.

Hills: The State is dotted with hill ranges from the north to the south,

running erratically down the middle of the country dividing it into western and

eastern or coastal Andhra. These hills form integral geographical entities of

Andhra life and history. In the north-east, there are Papikondalu,

Simhachalam and Annavaram hills, in the middle of the state there are

Srisailam hill ranges and in the south are the Seshachala hills and Nagari

hills, form the part of Nallamala and Erramala hill ranges.

Soils: The State has red, black, alluvial, lateric and coastal sandy

soils, with shale and limestone landscapes. Red soils are found in Telangana

and Rayalaseerna, a large area of Nellore and Visakhapatnarn districts and

parts of East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and Prakasam

districts. Black Cotton Soils are found in the Godavari valley from Adilabad

district to Khamrnam district, Mahabubnagar, Nizarnabad, Medak, Nalgonda,

Ranga Reddy districts, Rayalaseema districts and parts of West Godavari,

Krishna and Guntur districts. Alluvial soils are formed with sand and alluvium

brought by river. These soils are spread over the deltas of Krishna, Godavari

and Penna. Laterite Soils are found in Zaheerabad of Medak district and in

parts of Nellore, Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam districts. Sandy soils are

found along the coastal areas of the state.

Rivers: The State has two great rivers, Godavari (1,584 kms), the

longest among all the rivers of South India and Krishna (1,440 kms). Both the

rivers flows to a length of 770 Kms and 720 Kms respectively. Besides these

two big rivers, namely the Tungabhadra, the longest of all tributaries of River

Krishna, is a coalition of twin tributaries of Tunga and Bhadra which originate

in Varana hills of Western Ghats in Kamataka and joins River Krishna in

Kurnool district, and the Pennar, originates in the Karnataka Plateau, enters

Andhra Pradesh in Anantapur distr~ct and joins Bay of Bengal at Vutukur in

Nellore district after flowing through Cuddapah and Nellore districts drain the

state There are also many other small rivers and rivulets drain the state and

all these are rain fed rivers (seasonal rivers).

Forests: The falling forest cover and the decrease in area under

cultivation are glaring Pointers to the fact that something is miss in Andhra

Pradesh environmental management policies. Land be~ng a prime commodity

today; pressures are increasing on its usability. Similarly rocks and geological

formations are being ruthlessly tampered with for various reasons. Rocks are

being quarried heavily for metal and mineral resources. Forests are under

pressure for both wood and land to be diverted for more conspicuous

purposes. Though the sown area is increasing, it is getting either degraded or

totally wasted. Diversion for urbanization from agricultural use is also

increasing.

Agriculture, the lifeline of state's economy: Agriculture is the

main occupation of about 62 per cent of the people in Andhra Pradesh.

Andhra Pradesh is the "Seed State" of lndia with its progressive farmers

taking up production of seed for a variety of crops on behalf of the

government and of the private seed companies.

Irrigation: Roughly 60 per cent of the gross cropped area of the

State does not have assured irrigation and falls in the category of "Rain fed

dry lands". Agriculture in these areas is constrained by low productivity, lack

of assured supply of inputs, lack of technologies and cropping systems suited

to dryland conditions, poor resources and inadequate extension and support

services. Andhra Pradesh Government has been making huge budgetary

allocations for the execution of irrigat~on projects and it is the first state to

involve the farmers in the management of irrigation sources.

Industries: Andhra Pradesh has embarked on a vigorous effort to

create economic growth. From a predominantly agro-based economy it is

transforming itself to a knowledge-focussed economy.

Andhra Pradesh is the home to a skilled and dedicated workforce

and has a large number of Universities, Technical colleges, ITl's etc. With all

the inherent strengths of a dynamic industrial economy, Andhra Pradesh is

the right choice for our business endeavours and is the pivot of industrial

prosperity in South lndia is a resourceful land of mineral.

Table No. 3.1 shows that Andhra Pradesh consists of 46% of the

total workers to the total population and 54% of Non-workers. Among the

total workers Male workers accounts 57% and female 35%. In the Urban

areas of the State, the total workers constitute 32% and non-workers are 68%

where male workers are 51 O/O and female are 13% respectively.

Table No. 3.1: Category of Industrial Workers of

Total Persons 1 1 1 TOW 1 a 1 Main 1 hUj ina 1 NOR- 1 Urban Females Population Workers Workers Workers Workers

The Government of Andhra Pradesh is extending various incentives

for small scale industries and Tiny Sector and Large and Medium Scale

Industries. The State Government has been promoting the manufacturing

sector in a big way by providing concessions in power tariff, allotting land and

relaxing labour laws in Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Andhra Pradesh has

promoted 102 Special Economic zones of which 64 have been notified by the

Total ,

Rural

Government of India. The State has recommended to Government of India for

setting up of 59 ITllTES SEZs, with active private sector participation. As of

now, 12 IT SEZs with 22 units are! functioning and operational creating an

employment of 15,000 of IT professionals.

Population: The total population of Andhra Pradesh as on 1''

March, 2001 stood at 75,727,541 as per the provisional results of the census

of India, 2001 and accounts for 7.41% of total population of India. Andhra

Pradesh has relegated to fifth most populous state in the country as against

fourth in 1991 census. This has achieved substantial reduction in its decadal

growth of population during the decade 1991-2001. While country's decadal

a n ' 10600166 1 EY~* ;;;; 1 ( 4 9 ~ ~ 1 1 Females 10214202 1289194 1024761 264433 8925008

(130!01_ -110% (87%) Source: Director of Census, 2001.

Persons

.Males

Females

Persons

Males

Females

Persons

75727541

3828681

37440730

55296875

27890340

27406535

20814368

34865117 46%

21725810 (57%)

13139307 35%

28159160 51%

16309047 580,0

118501 13 430,0

6705957 32%

29001326 (38%)

19517524 (51 %)

9483802 (25%)

22943260 (42%)

14484219 (52%)

8459041 (31%)

6058066 (29%)

5416763 ' 5033305

5863791 (8%)

2208286 (6%)

3655505 (1 0%)

5215900 (9%)

1824828 (6%)

3381072 (12%) ,

647891 (3%) -

-- 40862424

(54%) 16561001

(43%) 24301423

(65?Y-- 27137715

(49%) 11581203

(42%) 15556422

3 7 % ) 1410841 1

(68%) 383458 5183403

growth rate of population is 21.34%. Andhra Pradesh has registered an

increase of only 13.86% in 1991-2001 as against 24.20% in 1981-1 991.

UrbanlRural Distribution of Population: It has been observed that

cities (large towns) found to be very less and increased up to 48 including

UAs in 2001 and 53 in 201 1. Same trend was observed with Medium towns

(Class-ll and Class-Ill). There was substantial decline in number of small

towns (Class-IV and Class-V) after 1971. Population in Class-l cities or towns

found to be around 50 per cent in 1971 increased to 75% in 2001. There IS

shift in population from small towns to Class-l cities contribution to decline in

number and percentage of population in Small and Medium towns during

1971-2001. Urban concentration was found to be more in Class-I and UAs in

Andhra Pradesh in the recent periods. In Andhra Pradesh during 1981 there

were about 20 Class-l cities, 1991 around 32, in 2002 there were about 39

and in 2011 there are 46 Class-l cities. With about 27 % of the population

living in urban areas, the level of urbanization in the state is almost on par

with the national average. Though the proportion of urban population has

been increasing in the state, the rate at which it has grown has declined

substantially in recent years. Although the proportion of people living in rural

areas has declined from 82.6% in 1961 to 72.92% in 2001, almost 10%

decrease over 40 years and the reasons being as follows: The living

standards of the rural people overall remain low, as most of them live under

conditions of agrarian over population and limited opportunities for productive

work.

Transport: The total Road network in the State is 69,051 kms as on

31'' March 2009, of which, the National Highways passing through Andhra

Pradesh constitute 4,472 kms, the state Highways constitute 10,519 kms.

Major District Roads constitute 32,170 kms and rural roads 21,714 kms. The

railways cover a distance of 5,107 kms in Andhra Pradesh out of which 4,633

km is broad-gauge, 437 km is metre-gauge and 37 km is narrow gauge. The

Important airports in the State are located in Shamshabad (International),

Tirupati, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada (Gannavaram) are domestic and other

several small airports at district head quarters.

Ports: There is one major Port at Visakhapatnam under

Government of India and 13 minor Ports under State Government. Ports offer

tremendous potential for development and for the growth of a wide spectrum

of maritime activities such as international shipping, coastal shipping, ship

repairs, fishing, captive ports for specific industries, all weather ports, tourism

and sports, etc. Minor Ports of Andhra Pradesh handled 26.88 million tonnes

of cargo during 2009-2010 and Andhra Pradesh is the second highest cargo

handling state in India. At present Kakinada is an all weather lighter age port.

Tourist centres: Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development

Corporation continues to strive for promotion of new tourism sectors such as

Eco-tourism, Beach-tourism and Cruise-tourism. The Corporation currently

runs a chain of 52 hotels with 1043 rooms and 2222 beds in prime locations

fostering homely ambience. An impressive fleet of 144 buses cater to varied

tour packages connecting important tourism locations within and outside the

state. The Corporation runs Sound and Light shows, owns and operates water

fleet of 120 boats making River and Lake Cruise tourism an affordable reality.

73.79 lakh tourists visited the state and provided 109 crore of revenue during

2008-2009. Charminar, Salarjung Museum, Golconda Fort in Hyderabad,

Thousand Pillar Temple and Fort in Warangal, Srl Lakshrni Narasimha Swami

Temple at Yadagirigutta, Buddha Stupa at Nagarjunakonda, Nagarjuna

Sagar, Sri Venkateswara temple at Tirumala-Tirupathi, Sri Mallikarjunaswamy

Temple at Srisailarn, Kanaka Durga Temple at Vijayawada (Fig No. 3.1 and

3.3), Sri Satyanarayana Swamy Temple at Annavaram, Sri Varaha Narasimha

Swamy Temple at Simhachalam, Sri Sita Rama Temple at Bhadrachalam,

Araku Valley, Horsely Hills, Nelapattu, etc., are the major tourist attractions in

Andhra Pradesh.

3.3. CASE STUDY CITIES: TlRUPATl AND VIJAYAWADA

Fig No. 3.3 - A. TlRUPATl B. VIJAYAWADA Source: www. googlemaps.com

3.3.1. TlRUPATl (In Rayalaseema Region):

Tirupati is a Vibrant Pilgrim city (Fig No. 3.4) located in Chittoor

District of Andhra Pradesh, dramatically sited at the foot of bluff red sand

stone that marks the Tirumala H~lls. It has closed link to two metros i.e.,

Chennai and Bangalore at a distance of 150 krns and 258 krns respectively.

Tirupati the foothill city of Tirumala the abode of Lord Venkateswara, is visited

by over 180 lakh (2001) devotees annually.

Satelib Map of Tirupati City

Fig No. 3.4 Source: wmv. googlemaps.com

Location: Tirupati city is sltuated on the lat~tude of 13"40'N and

longitude of 7Y27'E and at a height of 156 rnts (500 feet) above the mean

sea level, bounded by Tirumala hills on the north, Chandragirt village on the

west, Avilala and Tiruchanoor revenue villages on the south and

Akkarampalle village on the east to old Renigunta road. Tirupati municipality

is a Selection Grade Municipality till 2010 and upgraded to Municipal

Corporation in 2011 spread over an area of 24.00 km2 with 20 Revenue

Wards and 50 Election Wards with 42 poor slums.

Table No. 3.2: Historical Background of Tirupati City

Phases

1

,

2

3

~i rupat i extended up to Karnala Street to the south. up1 to the old Alipiri Road to the west, up to the present

Tirupati has grown along the National Highway 205 I towards Renigunta side, In the south between the

1981-2006 National H~ghway and the State Highway 69 and

1 along the road to Thiruchanoor. I" Source: Comprehensive 1 Traffic Study for Tirupati (2007) -- _- I 1

Period

I 3 O A'D lHindu

Kingdom)

1336-1 801 (Vijayanagara

Kingdom)

1801 -1 847 (British

Administration)

1848-1887

By 1915, the city extended up to the railway track to the south, and beyond the Old Alipiri Road.

1888-1915 Residential areas like Balaji Colony and Nehru Nagar sprang up to the west. -! During -. the decade of 1961-1971 the population -- was

The Tirumala hill is located at the height of 1150 mts (3650 feet)

Description I

Genesis of Govindaraja Swamy Temple and Web development around the temple. Except OM Alipiri Road and Kapilatheertham Road all other mads are small in length.

Bazaar Street came to existence

. ... .. . -

- No major extension of Tirupati town

-"-- ---

hospital road to the north and up to Thirthakatta Road, Mosque Road and along Renigunta Road to the east.

19161974

-.

1975-1980

above the sea level, and is about 10.33 sq miles in area. It comprises of

more than double with the growth rate of 131.6 % from these figures; it appears that increase in the pilgrim traffic due to laying of modern transportation systems. --

The city extended to the south, beyond the railway track till Dasari Mattam and Thiruvenkatanagar areas. Lot of other development happened on the south of Renigunta, beyond the road junction of Tiruchanoor and Renigunta.

seven peaks, representing the seven hoods of Adisesha, thus earning the

name, Seshachalam. The seven peaks are called Seshadri, Neeladri,

Garudadri, Anjanadri. Vrishabhadri, Narayanadri and Venkatadri.

Temperature: Tirupati region is semi-arid with pronounced variation

in temperature. The temperature is high during March-May and low during

November-January.

The yearly average minimum and maximum temperatures are

about 25% and 35%.

Difference in minimum and maximum monthly temperatures

remains in general, less than about 20" for the whole year.

Variations in minimum and maximum temperatures and also

during different months of the year reflect typical semi-arid

climate.

Humidity: The variations in the relative humidity throughout the year

reflect tropical semi-arid climate between July and December, the relative

humidity is about 70 to 80% in the morning and about 60 to 65% in the

afternoon. During summer, the relative humidity in the afternoon is about 25 to

40%

Rainfall: The annual rainfall in the region varies between 860 and

1050 mm. Rainfall occurs as high as 1450mm with recurrence interval of 4 to

5 years. The South West monsoon (June-September) receives about 45-55%

and the North East monsoon (October-December) receives about 30-45% Of

annual rainfall (Fig No. 3.6).

[Yaasa whole 4 4 . 1 8 12.46 8 , 4 9 / 46.22 1 90 1 21 1 60 1 18.15 1 5.14 9.72 1 Source: Compmhensiva Report of Cllmatr, Munlciprl Corpontion

Cllmatlc Factors In Tlrupatl Ctty (1983 2006)

-- . . - . . . .

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Dec Month8

I Fig NO. 3.5

The climate of the study area is hot and semi-arid. The influencing

rain gauge station of the study area is S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati. The

average Minimum and Maximum temperatures are 12.48"C and 44.18"C

respectively. Highest temperature in the summer months, May is recorded as

The humidity ranges from 21% to 90% with a mean of 60%. The

predominant wind direction is due East during South West Monsoon and West

direction during North East Monsoon. The wind velocity ranges from 5.14

kmlhr to 18.15 kmlhr with a mean of 9.72 kmlhr. The wind velocity is

maximum during South West Monsoon and West direction during the North

East' Monsoon and minimum during the other period of the year. The

Sunshine hours ranges from 3.77 to 10.71 with an average of 7.60 (Table No.

3.3) (Fig No. 3.5). The table No. 3.4 shows the data for the 10 years annual

rainfall of Tirupati, which indicates that Tirupati recorded a maximum rainfall of

1103 mm in the year 2005and a minimum rainfall of 766 mm in the year 1999.

Annual Rainfall - Tirupatl city for 10 years (1987-2006) 1200 -

700

BM)r i

1997 1998 1000 MOO 2001 26432 2003 2004 2005 2 W

Ymrr

Fig No. 3.6

Table No. 3.4: Annual Rainfall - Tirupati City for 10 Years (1997-2006) S. No

1 2- 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Source: Comprehensive Report of Climate, Munlclpal Corporatlon

Y r r I +---- Amwnt nlnRll in mm 1007 1098 1009 - 2000 2001 2002 2003

u

2005 2006

950 -- 1045

- 766 874 907 1054 087 945 1103 814

Soils: Soils are essentially residual formations with the occurrence

of parent rock in underlying strata. The grain size increases with depth, which

is a typical characteristic feature of residual deposits. Type of soil deposit on

the upstream side of Tirupati city (North West) comprises of predominantly

gravels and cobbles interspersed with clay to silt size particles. The smooth

texture and rounded fragments of the rock that exist up to depths of 3 to 4

metres indicate that these soils are deposited by transportation under the

influence of gravity force (alluvial deposits). The permeability of these

formations is of the order of to 1 o ' ~ cmlsec depending on the proportion of

fines contained at specific location. Soil deposits on the downstream (South

East) side comprise of clayey sand to silty sand with low hydraulic

conductivity of the order of l o 5 cmlsec to 10.' cmlsec and having tendency

for low to high compressibility characteristics with plasticity index ranging

between 10 and 20. These soil deposits are formed over the first 9 to 15

metres depth. which are overlain by rock strata. As a result, the sub-surface

flow is greater on the upstream side of Tirupati and the surface runoff is

expected to be higher on the downstream side.

Drainage: Tirupati city is situated in the Swarnamukhi River Basin.

All the streams that flow in and around the city are ephemeral and rise from

Tirupati hill range. There are number of reservoirs (kuntas) or tanks situated in

and around Tirupati and many of them were converted into building sites by

the local government which lead to the depletion of the underground water.

Surface water drainage basin are established primarily on the basis of

topographical features with adjustments for road network, railway tracks, etc.,

in order to obtain maximum advantage of the west to east slope in collection

and conveyance of storm water. This is to protect the city roads and other

areas from storm erosion.

Economy: Being a pilgrimage centre, the floating population

appears to be the main source of economy but, is not of late, Tirupati is

becoming the educational hub for the nearby areas because of the presence

of educational institutions and Universities offering almost alt fields of studies

at all levels. Trade and industry are burgeoning and business is flourishing.

Revenues generated by travel sector are also high. Due to this centre and

other pilgrim centres of the district are gaining economy and used for different

developmental activities.

Religious attractions: There are many temples in Tirupati and

Tirumala. Some of them are:

Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu as

'Venkateswara (or Srinivasa) and attracts followers from a wide

range of Hindu traditions and also from other religious like

Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, etc., from within and

outside the country.

Alamelu MangammalPadmavati Temple Shrine in Alamelu-

mangapuram also called Tiruchanoor.

o Govindaraja Temple, located in the core of the city.

Kodanda Ramaswamy Temple: The temple is so beautiful in

architecture. Lord Rama, Seetha and Lakshmana are present in a

beautiful form in the temple. Lord Anjaneya Swamy is seen near the

foot of Lord Rama. The temple is in the heart of the city. There is

also another temple dedicated to Lord Anjaneya Swamy opposite to

this temple. Prasadams are offered daily to pilgrims.

Srinivasa mangapuram within 10 kilometres to the western side of

Tirupati.

Kapilatheertham (Lord Shiva Shrine, the only Shiva Shrine in

Tirupati), dedicated to Lord Shiva and parvati located near the site

of beautiful waterfall.

ISKCON (Lord Krishna) Temple- The temple has its own style of

architecture with the towers coloured in gold and white. The

carvings of Lord Narasimha Swamy, Lord Varaha Swamy and

Krishna Leela are marvellous. Glass painting works on the windows

depicting Lord Krishna's playful acts and the ceilings decorated like

Tanjore art reveals the colourful masterpiece in art work. Each pillar

is decorated with ten "avatars" of Lord Vishnu. The temple inside

the sanctum has Lord Krishna with beautifully dressed Gopikas.

There is a beautiful park surrounded with lot of flowers, ponds,

fountains and with Krishna Leela idols. The temple is on the way to

Tirumala Hills.

Temple of Lord Shiva at Yogimallavaram near to Tirupati is very old

and is very famour.

Hanuman temple at Tirumala, where Hanuman's mother Anjana did

penance.

Other small waterfalls and sightseeing is present.

Museums at Tiru~ati and Tirumala.

Avanakshamma temple, 42 kms from Tirupati.

Sri Kalyana Venkateswara Swamy temple, Narayanavanam, 38 km

from Tirupati.

Sri Venugopala Swamy Temple, Karvetinagaram, 40 kms from

Tirupati.

Sri Prasanna Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Appalayagunta, 20

kms from Tirupati.

Another small temple for Lord Vishnu, the place is on the foothills of

Tirumala.

Giant Nandikeshware Statue is seen at the entrance of the temple.

r There is a rock garden in Tirumala called as Shilatot-anam.

Shilparamam at Tirupati.

Grand World Theme Park at Karakampadi near Tirupati.

Narasimha theertham near Bommagunta.

Hathiramji Mutt was made for Gou-Seva and Sadhu-Seva. It

contains Goushala, resting facilities for Sadhus, residence of

Mahant and a temple. Each area has its own courtyard with

corridors around it.

SriKalahasti Temple is one of the most visited and famous Shiva

temples in India called "Dakshana Kasi". It is famous for Kalamkari

arts and sculpture. It is on the banks of Swarnamukhi River. There

is a famous waterfall like Veyyilingala Kona Falls said to be the gift

of Lord Shiva.

r Talakona is a natural tourist spot and attracts with its beautiful

waterfalls.

Mahati Auditorium in the heart of the city built and maintained by

Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD) has emerged as an

important cultural centre. Several cultural events like the Telugu

Bhasha Brahmotsavams, the Seminar on Cow Protection and other

hundreds of programs in a year have been conducted here. It is

easily accessible to the local people as well as to the pilgrims

because of its location.

City life: The city has many places of attraction. In the evening,

municipal music gardens, also known as Centenary Park is filled with the

youth. It has many musical fountains to attract children. The second hot spot

in the city is the exhibition ground near the bus-stand. The Central Park

shopping mall and Arcades nearby have huge shops to cater the public with

their requirements like jewellery, gifts, clothes, cosmetics, super marts, gadget

showrooms and many more.

Zoological Park and Regional Science Centre: Sri Venkateswara

Zoological Park is the second of its kind in Andhra Pradesh. It has many

specie,^ of animals, birds and plants which are being conserved. Regional

Science Centre provides Astronomical, Science and Technological

Knowledge to the school children, is also present nearby the park wh~ch is

very famous in Andhra Pradesh. It also has a planetarium which grabs huge

amounts of crowd. There is a proposed Pharma University and Medical

College at Renigunta in an area of 165 acres and IT SEZ is also coming up in

Renigunta in 147 acres. There are the important sites located in and around

Tirupati city contributing of economy and also causing minor environmental

problems.

Education: Tirupati is not only a pilgrimage centre but also an

educational hub. It is the home for several universities and professional,

technical colleges such as Sri Venkateswara University, Sri Padmavathi

Mahila Viswavidyalayam (SPMW), one among two women universities in

India, Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (Central University), Sri Venkateswara

Institute of Medical Sciences, Sri Venkateswara Vedic University and Sri

Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU). Apart from these universities, it

has State Government sponsored Medical, Agricultural, Polytechnic Colleges

and Research Centres. It has nearly 50 UG and PG (MBA, MCA) corporate

colleges. Several degree and PG colleges for men and women, College of

oriental studies, Women polytechnic, Junior colleges, Primary, Upper primary

and High schools are managed by TTD besides government institutions.

Government and other autonomous bodies: Tirupati is a

Municipal Corporation. Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) was

established in March, 1983 with the aim of developing its 500 sq.km. area with

89 villages including two towns, Tirupati and Tirurnala. In the year 2000 its

development area has been extended to 1000 km2 and added many villages

to it. Tinrmala Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD) also contributes a maximum of

funds for the development of the city. Major roads, traffic islands, pavements,

street lights, underground drainage, flyovers, underground bridges, drinking

water, and sanitation in other words most of the civic amenities are provided

by this temple trust (Table No. 3.5).

Table No. 3.5: Municipal Timeline of T i r u i t l City 1886 Constitution of Municipality with the population of 15,485

- . -. . . - - - - - 1954 S.V. University along with Medical College and Engineering Colleges

--

1977 Commissioning of Kalyani Water Supply -- .. - -

1986 S.P. Mahiia University and Sanskrit University, and BIRDS, elc.,

1998 Upgraded into selection grade mun~cipality

1999 Commissioning Under Ground Drainage Scheme, Commissioning of Water Supply Improvement Scheme Department for International Development (DFID), a long-term

2001 the underlying causes of poverty- fund~ng projects launched, infrastructure development works In 42 slums are In r ress - -- ---

mu---

m ~ n t r a l ~ o l l u t ~ o ~ ~ o n l r ~ ~ o & b i ~ n g launched wlth

All five e-seva centres funct~ontng and renamed as Mee Seva centres (2012) - -- . .- - - -

Investment Plan for cltv w~de develo~ment submitted to Government of Andhra Pradesh w~th ~ss~stance of World Bank for approval The actual Eco-CI works under Core Area Development started ~n the month of December 2094-- Infrastructure development for all 42 poor slums has completed wlth Department for

2005-06 Intemat~onal Develo ment funding wlth an estimated cost of Rs 1480 iakh - t 2006-07

Transportation: Road: Tirupati has the third largest bus station in

Andhra Pradesh having 50 platforms. For every two minutes, there is a bus

facility from Tirupati to Tirumala. Tirupati has bus facilities connecting almost

each and every important city and town of Andhra Pradesh. Tirupati has good

infrastructure. The by-pass laid in the year 1994 is a six lane road covering

most of the parts of the city. Tirupati is criss-crossed by National Highways.

For every 3-4 km, traffic signals are operated to control the traffic. The

number of vehicles registered in Tirupati Regional Transport Office has

increased from 70,906 in 2000 to 1,27,907 in 2006 ( up to November and the

average annual growth rate was 1033%).

Construction of 1960 Nos. Urban Permanent Housing at Daminedu completed.

2007-08

-- I Upgraded as Corporation.

.. -- - Source: Municipal Corporation, Tirupati.

Rail: T i~pa t i East railway station has 6 platforms with three

elevators. The station is currently undergoing modemisation with the

construction of three escalators. There is another major junction in the

outskirts of Tirupati (Renigunta). Tirupati West railway station and Chandragiri

stations (in the outskirts) are also present which have to be developed. Trains

which starts from Tirupati connect all the cities in the country. Tirupati railway

station is recognised to develop as a "World Class" along with Mumbai, Delhi,

and Secunderabad in the first phase in India.

Air: Renigunta Airport is the third airport established in the State. It

operates national airlines between Tirupati and Hyderabad, Bombay,

Bengaluru, Delhi and Visakhapatnam. The airport is located 15 km from the

city centre. The Airport Authority of India has planned and sanctioned huge

amount to develop Tirupati airport at par with International standards. At

present the runway is being extended by 1 km and the night landing facility

has been made recently.

Demography: Tirupati has a population of 4,59,985 (201 1) including

non-municipal area which is now brought under Municipal Corporation. Male

constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Tirupati has an average

literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy

is 82%, and the female literacy is 72%. In Tirupati, 14% of the population is

under 6 years of age. The local language is Telugu while Tamil and English

are widely understood.

3.3.2. VIJAYAWADA (In Coastal Region):

Location : The city is situated at the foot of a low range hills of the

northern bank of the river Krishna with its cardinal points as 16'31' North

latitude and 80'37' East longitude, around 70 km away from the coast.

City regional setting: Vijayawada, the third largest city in the state

of Andhra Pradesh after Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam, also is one of the

important commercial and transport centres of the state. The city happened to

be the headquarters of the taluk for a long time and acted as a point of

centrality to many of the districts of the state. Over years the city has grown

as a major economic, cultural and administrative nerve centre of coastal

Andhra due to its nodal location as an important railway junction and also

because of National Highway6 and 9 traversing the city. The city also has a

few places of historic importance (Fig No. 3.7).

City in history: Vijayawada literally translates to "The Place of

Victory". It is also known as Bezwada, (it's nicknamed as "Blazewada" for ~ t s

scorching summer heat), is a flounshing town of great historic importance. It

was one of the important cities early in the Christian era, and was the religious

centre for the kingdom of Vengi. Quite a number of antiquities found in and

around Vijayawada confirm the city's existence since ages. The Epic of

Mahabharata refers to lndrakiladri hills as the place where Arjuna secured

"Pasupathastra" from Lord Siva. The historical town has originated on the

northern (left) bank of the river Krishna and, by 1855 AD the town was in the

form of small settlement on the eastern side of the lndrakiladri hills. The

growth of the town picked up momentum after the construction of a barrage

and three irrigation canals namely Eluru, Ryves and Bandar canals in 1855

and, the rail bridge over the river Krishna in 1892. Vijayawada is only the city

in the world with two rivers, Krishna and Budameru and three canals. Another

canal Buckingham canal originates from the south side of the reservoir. The

city experienced a modest growth in the pre-independence era; however, after

independence the construction of road brrdge over the river Krrshna,

establishment of South-Central Railway terminal, setting up of divisional

headquarters, major government offices including district court, major

institutions for higher education, major commercial and distributive trading

activities, wholesale establishments, agricultural marketing centre and

Jawahar auto nagar industrial estate have brought a tremendous effect on the

city's growth.

Land lay and topography: The land lay of Vijayawada is

characterized by four canals, four hills and the holy river Krishna, Vijayawada

when approached from Guntur is welcomed by the historic gates across the

holy river Krishna. The way to Machilipatnam runs parallel to Budameru

canals and crosses two other canals. These entire canals pass through the

city do1 evidently cause some hindrance to growth and traffic, but definitely

look picturesque in the bird's eye view, There are four major hills: lndrakiladri

hill; Orr's hill; Deforested hill and Moghalrajapuram hill. The natural slope of

the old town is falling from north to south whereas the new town slopes down

from west to east. When compared to the old town, the new town is flat and

hence makes drainage less effective. Though the city is protected from high

flood banks in the southern side, the low lying lands are not immune to floods,

when the river Krishna is in its spate.

Soils: Generally black cotton soil with exceptions in hilly areas is

dominant in the zone. The sub soil is moist clay which is good for agriculture.

The urban area mainly constitutes three types of soils namely alluvial, black

and red ferruginous. Fertile alluvial soils are available in Krishna delta area

where as red ferruginous soils are spread over the uplands. In the Giripuram

area, metamorphic rocks are found in the sub-soil strata. Due to the presence

of river Krishna the soil around here is very fertile and cultivated intensively.

Ground water: Water can be tapped at varying depths from 3-5m

from below ground level. Nearly one-third of the entire city's water supply is

from ground water sources. The alluvial spread along the river Krishna and

the canals also contains aquifers within shallow depths, which fairly provides

a continuous support for cultivation activities in the entire region.

Climate and rainfall: The climate of Mjayawada is tropical in nature

with hot summen and moderate winters. The climate is hot and dry

throughout the year. Summers are quite hot with very minor difference

between the maximum and minimum temperatures. Vijayawada is located on

the line which separates the delta imgated lands and, the dry uplands of the

district. The climate cycle can thus be divided into four seasons as: Cool

months - January and February; Hot months - March to May; Monsoons (S.W)

- June to September and Monsoons (N.E) - October to December

I Climatic Factors in Vljayawada City 2001 I

0 . w t : : : : : : : : : : : k0.m Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nw Dec

Month8

I I Fig No. 3.8

Vijayawada and the surrounding areas experience high temperature.

The mean daily maximum temperature is 47"C, while minimum is 27.7"C in

this region. The rainfall in the region generally decreases from east to west.

This region receives maximum rainfall both by southwest and retreating

monsoons. Two thirds of the annual rainfall is recorded during southwest

monsoon. During February to June, the relative humidity in the afternoons

ranges from 68-80%. (Table No. 3.6) & (Fig No. 3.8).

Wind direction: The direction of wind in the region around

Vijayawada in the hottest months of April and May is from south to east in the

morning hours and, in the evening from southeast to northeast. In warm

months from October to March, the wind blows in the morning from east and

north and, in the evenings mostly from southeast and east.

Vegetation and landscape: Vijayawada and its surrounding region

are fairly rich in agriculture activ~ty due to the river Krishna. Soil condition is

also suitable for cultivation Rice and sugarcane are the principal crops

cultivated in the region. Coconuts, guava and mango are the major tree crops

found all over the Vijayawada region.

Vijayawada, Guntur, Tenali, Mangalagiri Urban Development

Authority (VGTM - UDA):

Vijayawada, Guntur, Tenali and Mangalagiri Urban Development

Authority (Authority) was constituted in December, 1978 under Andhra

Pradesh Urban Areas (Development) Act, 1975. Its jurisdiction extends over

Vijayawada, Guntur, Tenali and Mangalagiri municipal corporations1

municipalities constituted under AP Municipalities Act, 1965 and other areas

specified in the Schedule, comprising 1955 sq km2 of area, covering 189

villagesltowns.

Vijayawada Municipality was set up in the year 1888 with an

administrative area of around 30 sq km. The Municipality was upgraded to a

selection grade in 1960s and further to a Corporation status in the year 1981.

The Vijayawada Municipal Corporation was spread out over an area of 29.4

sq km. The city Zonal Development Plan Area presently covers extended

areas namely Bhavanipuram, Patamata, Payakapuram, Gunadala and

Kundavari Kandrika also. As per the revenue records, the extent of the

present municipal area is 61.88 km2. For administrative purpose, the

corporation area was divided into 3 circles and 50 wards (Table No. 3.7)

Guntur, one of the largest urban centers of Andhra Pradesh is

located 272 km southeast of Hyderabad, the state capital.. The city is reputed

to be a renowned education center. With a population of about 5.12 lakh, it is

one of the fastest growing towns of Andhra Pradesh. Since its up-gradation as

Corporation in 1994, Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC) is focused on

making Guntur a modern city.. The city covers 45.71 km2 area and the zone

53.72 km2 area.

Tenali is the third largest urban cluster in the VGTM-UDA region

after Vijayawada and Guntur City. It is one of the important commercial and

transport centres of the region. Tenali, once hailed, as "Andhra Paris" is one

of the oldest municipalities formed in 1909, located about 30 km from Bay of

Bengal. Tenali is divisional head quarter's mandal and revenue division. The

rnandal was formed on 25th may 1985 with an area of 131.82 sq. Kms. There

are 13 revenue villages and 18 gram Panchayats and one municipality

(Tenali, Pinapadu and Chinaravuru) in Tenali mandal. Tenali is given the

status of "Special Grade Municipality" in 1965. The area of the Municipality

has increased from 7.98 sq. km in 1981 to about 15.11 km2 in 1991 as per

record and 17.01 km2 as interpreted from satellite imageries. The municipal

administrative area comprises 36 wards.

Mangalagiri Zone is at a distance of 12 kms from the Vijayawada city

and 19kms from Guntur, which is also connected by the Vijayawada-Guntur

broad gauge line. The Mangalagiri zone is bounded by Tadepalle zone on the

northern side, Kaza zone on the southern side, Paddavadlapudi zone on the

eastern side and Mandadam zone on the western side. The Zone consists of

an urban area - Mangalagiri Town and two revenue Villages - Nowluru and

Atmakuru. It extends over an area of 40.97 km2 and accounts for 2.45% of

total area of the VGTM-Urban region. According to 2001 Census, the total

population o f the zone was 86786, which is 3.49% of the total population of

the VGTM-UDA region.

The functional activities of VGTM reflects in bringing about faster

urbanisation in Vijayawada city during 2001-201 1.

Economy: Vijayawada city has been acting as a major trade and

commerce centre in the region since ages. Vijayawada is a major market for

mangoes in the state generating a turnover worth crore of rupees. The city is

a major agricultural market for products like paddy, pulses, black gram, garlic,

sugarcane, edible oils and turmeric in the south coastal region of the state.

Equally Vijayawada is a major commercial hub for products like automobile

spare parts, textiles and furn~ture. Vijayawada is called the "Commerce Hub"

of the Andhra state, for it provides the right environ for all the agricultural and

industrial goods to be transported inlout and traded in one single place.

Vijayawada is the busiest railway junction in South India, and is the second

biggest junction in India and only railway station to have escalators after New

Delhi. The fact that Vijayawada is well connected through railways keeps it

the main hub of commercial activities.

Transport: Vijayawada is an important link in connecting the three

regions of Andhra Pradesh and is a major transit point, the National Highway

No. 5 from Chennai to Kolkata and the National Highway No. 9 from

Machilipatnam to Mumbai pass through the city connecting it to other parts of

the country. Another National Highway 221 connects the city to Jagdalpur in

Madhya Pradesh state. It is connected to other areas of the state, by state

highways and district roads.

Air: The domestic airport located at Gannavaram, about 16 km, from

city connects Vijayawada to ~~derabad. Chennai, Rajahmundry and

Bangalore. Air Deccan and Kingfisher Airlines are the two airlines flying to and

from Vijayawada.

Rail: Situated along the Chennai-Howrah and Chennai-Delhi rail

route, Vijayawada is the biggest and busiest railway junction of the South

Central Railway. It is also called the "City that never Sleeps" with reference to

railways. Vijayawada Junction had been given A-1 status by the Central

government. Krishna canal junction, Madhuranagar, Gunadala and

Ramavarappadu are the other railway stations in the city.

Road: Good motorable roads connect V~jayawada with all the places

within the state and also with the major cities in India. Transport by road from

Vijayawada to all the places of interest IS available in the form of Andhra

Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) buses. There are huge

number of buses that fly between Vijayawada and Hyderabad twenty four

hours-a-day and 365 days-a year, unlike the rest of transportation in the state.

State run city buses (APSRTC), motor driven auto and manual driven

rickshaws are the major means of transport in Vijayawada. Private Lorries

(trucks), cars and two-wheelers (motorcycles and scooters) abound as well.

Public and Private bus operators provide transport services to various parts of

the country. Vijayawada also has one of the biggest bus terminals in the

country. Pandit Nehru Bus Terminal in Vijayawada is an important link in

connecting the three regions of Andhra Pradesh, the second biggest in Asia

and is a major transit point.

Port: A new deep water port is under construction at Machilipatnam

replacing historical anchorage port, about 65 km from the city.

Social infrastructure: Health: Vijayawada Municipal Corporation is

serving with 22 Urban Health Centres, 4 Maternity Hospitals, 12 Ayurvedic, 2

Unani Centres catering different systems of medicine.

Education: Vijayawada, also called as "Vidyalaya" (Place of

Education), occupies a large amount of the educational infrastructure of

Andhra Pradesh. The city was named as "The Educational Sahara" by a

foreign ambassador earlier during the century. School Education in the city is

implemented by both the public and private sectors. The first college built in

Vijayawada is the Andhra Loyola College was established on a 110-acre plot

in the year 1953. The NTR University of Health Sciences is located in

Vijayawada, which is premier and only institution in the field of medical and

dental sciences in the state. The Corporation runs 28 high schools, 2 upper

primary schools, 75 elementary schools which covers about 28,450 students

and 622 teachers.

The city has a strong educational infrastructure but lacks in the IT

industry. There are about 20 IT firms iq Vijayawada which generated

revenues of approximately Re 42 Crore in 2006-2007 fiscal years.

Demography and Extent: The population of Vijayawada city is

8,45,217 as per 2001census. The population density increased from 9,5441

km2 in 1961 to 13,6591 km2 in 2001.

Source: VMC and Land Records.

Places of interest:

Amaravati: It is in Guntur district formerly called as

Dhanyakataka and Andhranagari, is one of the most important

Buddhist sites in the country.

Bhavani Island: It is located on river Krishna close to the city.

Andhra Pradesh tourism is converting this 133 acres (54

hectares) land into an attractive tourist spot and a River Front

Resort.

Gandhi Hill: The first Gandhi Memorial with seven stupas in the

country was constructed on this hill at a height of 500 feet

(1 50m).

Kanaka Durga Temple: It is located on a hill, lndrakiladri

overlooking the city as well as river Krishna.

Kondapalli Forest: The forest provides Vijayawada with a

"green lung", 11 km from the western outskirts of Vijayawada,

spread over 30,000 acres (121.5 km2), home to Leopards, Wild

dogs, Wild boar, etc.

Kondapalli Fort: The fort was built by King Krishnadeva Raya,

is situated 16 kms from Vijayawada. This fort served as a

business centre and was used as a military training base by the

British rulers. A good picnic spot, the village is famous for toy

making with light-weight wood available on the hill forest. These

toys are famous world over as "Kondapalli toys".

Mangalagiri: It is located in Guntur district; 12 krn from

Vijayawada is the renowned temple of Lord Narasimha in

Mangalagiri on a hillock.

e Manginapudi Beach: It is located about 70 kms from

Vijayawada.

Marakata Rajarajeswari Temple: Unique temple of goddess

completely built with stone with intricate architecture symbolizing

SRICHAKRA, the abode of mother Goddess.

Moghalrajapuram Caves: These caves are said to excavate in

5" century A.D. The caves are reputed to be the first of their

kind in South India. The idols of Lord Natraja, Vinayaka and

Arthanareeswara are carved here, but none of the statue is

available here.

Prakasam Barrage: It is built across river Krishna connecting

Guntur district. Prakasam Barrage has created a panoramic

lake. Its three canals thar run through the city give Vijayawada a

Venetian look.

Rajiv Gandhi Park: It is created by the Vijayawada Municipal

Corporation.

Sri Nagarala Sri Mahalakshmi Ammavaru Temple: It is

located in the area of Chittinagar, maintained by the Nagaralu

community.

Subramanya Swamy Temple: It is also located on a hill,

lndrakiladri overlooking the city as well as river Krishna,

maintained by lddipilli family.

Undavalli Caves: It is located in Guntur district five kilometres

from Vijayawada. A huge monolith of the Lord Buddha in

reclining posture is a magnificent sight.

Victoria Museum: A place for archaeology lovers. (Collection of

ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery and

inscriptions).

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CENSUS OF INDIA (1991) Monograph - Temple Town Tirupati.

CENSUS OF INDIA (2001) Monograph -Temple Town Tirupati.

DISTRICT CENSUS BOOK (PART A), VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

(1991 & 2001) - Primary Census Abstract.

HANDBOOK OF STATISTICS - Chittoor and Krishna district, 2009, Chief

Planning Officer, Chittoor and Kr~shna.

MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS (2001), Tirupati..

PURNACHANDRA RAO C.H. CENSUS OF INDIA, 1981 - A portrait of

population, Andhra Pradesh, Dy. Director of Census Operations,

Andhra Pradesh.

SESHAGlRl N. (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Cities and Towns in lndia

STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF ANDHRA PRADESH (2001 and 2004).

SUGUNA. G (1978) Tirupati urban complex structure and linkage, an

unpublished M.phil., thesis submitted to S.V. Univiersity,

Tirupati.

TIWARY S.S. and KUMAR S., Encyclopaedia of Asia: Land, Culture and

People.

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http:llcensus.ap.nic.in

http:Ilem.wikipedia.orglwikiNijayawada

http:l/en.wikipedia.orglwikilTi~pati

http:llwww.Censusindia.net

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