Chapter 3 Development of Psychiatric–Mental Health Nursing Theory

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 3Development of Psychiatric–Mental Health

Nursing Theory


By unfolding the development of our theoretical past, we gain insights that improve our understanding of our current progress, and we are empowered to achieve our disciplinary goals. By looking at our theoretical present, we see shadows of our past, as well as visions of our future. Reconstructing our theoretical heritage is a process that involves reconstructing our present reality.

Meleis, 2007


Learning ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to

• Compare and contrast the terms conceptual framework and theoretical hypothesis

• Explain the purpose of theory

• Describe three types of theory used in psychiatric nursing

• Analyze the theories of Hildegard Peplau, Dorothea Orem, Sister Callista Roy, Martha Rogers and Rosemarie Parse, and Madeline Leininger

• Discuss the relationship between nursing theory and research

• Articulate how nursing theory is applied to practice

• Interpret the phrase eclectic approach


Theory

Theories can

• Be tested

• Be challenged

• Be modified

• Be replaced

• Become obsolete


Nursing Theories

• Peplau’s interpersonal theory

• Orem’s behavioral nursing theory

• Roy’s theory of adaptation

• Parse’s theory of human becoming

• Leininger’s theory of cultural care diversity and universality


Application to Practice

• Needs-oriented approach

• Interaction-oriented approach

• Outcome-oriented approach

• Eclectic approach


Agreement Among Nursing Theorists

• Nursing theories offer a beginning articulation of what nursing is and what roles nurses play.

• Nursing theories provide descriptions of how to help clients become comfortable, deliver treatment with the least damage, and enhance high-level wellness.

• Nursing theories offer a beginning common language and agreement about who the nursing care recipients are.

• Nurses should not view the recipients only through biologic glasses or psychological glasses but rather through holistic glasses.

• Recipients have needs, and nursing assists them in meeting those needs.


The role of nurses is to provide therapeutic care so that clients are

able to adapt to the environment and meet identified needs related to self-care ability, health, and well-being.


Key Terms

• Behavioral nursing theory

• Cognator

• Conceptual framework

• Cultural care diversity and universality theory

• Eclectic approach

• Interaction-oriented approach

• Interpersonal theory

• Needs-oriented approach

• Nursing theory

• Outcome-oriented approach

• Regulator

• Systems-oriented theory

• Theoretical hypothesis

• Theory

• Theory of adaptation

• Theory of human becoming

• Tidal model


Reflection

• Do the psychiatric nursing and nursing theories by Peplau, Orem, Roy, Parse, and Leininger remain appropriate, or should modifications be considered to meet the multifaceted needs of clients in the 21st century?

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Chapter 3 Development of Psychiatric–Mental Health Nursing Theory