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DOSSIER 3 – THE BRITISH REGIME
Chapter 3 – Culture and Currents of Thought
Mr. Wilson
LMAC
THE AGE OF
ENLIGHTENMENT
Sir Isaac Newton
Ben Franklin
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Other Famous Enlightenment Writers Johann Von Goethe – German Philosopher. Joseph Haydn – Classical Composer. Thomas Hobbes – Political Philosophy. Thomas Jefferson – American Statesman. Immanuel Kant – German Philosopher. John Locke – English Political Philosopher. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Thomas Paine – American Political
Activist. Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Swiss Political
Philosopher.
Adam Smith – Scottish Economist.
The Coffeehouse or the Salon
The American War of Independence (1775-1783)
The French Revolution (1789-1799)
The End of Absolutism?
The End of Imperialism?
Imperialism, defined by The Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.”Johnston, Ronald John (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 375.
Maybe not quite yet…
The British Regime 1763 –
1871
New ideas: like “Individual rights” instead of Absolutism or Imperialism.
American War of Independence.
The French Revolution
The British Regime 1763 – 1871
New Idea: Political and Economic liberalism.
Why was it starting to grow? Democracy Individual freedoms Equality The right to own private land (the opposite of
the seigniorial system).
The British Regime 1763 – 1871
American War of Independence 1775-1783
The British Loyalists arrive in Canada
Start to ask for a Legislative Assembly.
The first Canadian Legislative Assembly was created in 1791 – very limited powers.
But they wanted more power, which in turn led to the Rebellions of 1837-1838.
Did he say Rebellions?
Lord Durham
The British Regime 1763 – 1871
After the Rebellions Governor of Canada Lord Durham The Durham Report - 1839 The Assimilation of the French
In 1840, Great Britain passed the Act of Union in attempt to assimilate the French Canadians.
THE DUAL IDENTITY
The Dual Identity Since the Treaty of Paris - Quebec and
Canada, became another part of the very
large British Empire.
The Duality? English Loyalists vs. French Quebecers Catholics vs. Protestants Canada’s population is split in two
The British Empire
June 1791
The Dual Identity The French
Worried about their language, their schools and their religion.
Why?
Ludger Duvernay :St-Jean Baptiste Association (June
24th 1834).
The Dual Identity The St-Jean
Baptiste Association: The maple leaf “O Canada” Monuments in
memory of French Canadians
Founding the Montreal Chamber of Commerce
Papineau’s Rally – The 92 Resolutions
The Battle of St-Eustache
The Dual Identity French Canadian
Nationalism the Rebellions of 1837-1838. The Legislative Assembly was largely made up
of French Canadians The Parti Patriote Demanded more control of the Colony’s
finances.
So what happened?When the Crown refused their demands,
fighting broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada.
The Dual Identity 1839 –
The Durham Report1. The lack of responsible
government in Upper Canada and the racial tensions between Upper and Lower Canadians.
2. He suggested an assimilation of the “people with no literature and no history” into one, large English speaking group.
The Dual Identity 1840 - The Act of Union Upper and Lower Canada united The French language was banished
from the government Education and civil law regarding the
French Canadians was suspended. The creation of one parliament to
oversee all of Canada.
Francois-Xavier Garneau
The Dual Identity 1845 - Francois-Xavier
Garneau’s book: Histoire du Canada Tried to tell the story of the French colonists in
a patriotic way – why? In order to bring them back into favour with
the British Crown – Did it work?
Not really...BUT...It did make the French Canadians realize
they had little or no cultural literature!
ECONOMIC LIBERALIS
M
Economic Liberalism It was the latest British fad. Individual business had freedom Very little government intervention.
Helped with the modernization of the Education system – how?
Because the business community wanted a school for professionals!
Economic Liberalism Who did it involve?
The French Canadian middle-class or the Petit Bourgeoisie, which made up parties like the
Parti Patriote and the Parti Rouge
The English Business-Class or the Bourgeoisie d’Affairs, they profited most from the capitalist system and were represented by the
Tory Party.
Parti Patriote
Economic Liberalism The transmission of
ideas? The Quebec Gazette (1764) English and
French
The Montreal Gazette (1775) Liberalism – criticized the clergy, demanded a Legislative Assembly and became the voice of Canadian intellectuals.
The Quebec Mercury; The Montreal Herald; Le Canadien; La Minerve; La Presse (1884)
Activity #3 – The Enlightenment
Choose an Enlightenment Philosopher and...
Research what he/she did/wrote and tell me a little bit about it.
Explain how their invention/discovery/ideas had a direct impact on the events which unfolded in Canada during the British Regime.
WRITE DOWN YOUR SOURCES!
THE ANTI-CLERICAL
MOVEMENT
The Anticlerical Movement
Because of Liberalism - The clergy is criticized.
The separation of Church and Education.
Strangely – it is the Parti Patriote who opposed the reign of the Catholic Church over education.
But they also refuse to submit to the rule of British Government…
The Anticlerical Movement
The Parti Patriote was dissolved due to the Rebellion.
But the Parti Rouge started to speak out against the Catholic Church.
State of ignorance? Were they right?
Newpapers: L’Avenir and Le Pays
Conclusion?Under the British Regime – The Catholic Church was losing influence over the people!
ULTRAMONTANISM
Ultramontanism The Clergy got a bit of its power back during
the Ultramontanist period of the 19th century.
What does “Ultramontanist” mean? Complete submission to Rome Very strict religious practice
In 1864, the Vatican published a list of things they considered to be against the
faith : liberalism and socialism were on the list!
Ultramontanism Canadian Ultramontanism:
Catholic obligation to the Church
The control of the Clergy on education
Increased interventions of Bishops into politics
The creation of religious Brotherhoods (e.g.: The Knights of Columbus)
Ultramontanism Catholic Ultramontanists
spent a lot of money.
They created newspapers (La Vérité),
Influenced elections,
Condemned books (Les Misérables),
Refusal to give some political members the sacrament because of the affiliations!
UltramontanismConclusion? The Catholic Church went to great
lengths to combat the Liberalist ideas.
Were they successful? For a time…But in the end the separation
of the Church and the State would be finalized during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960’s.
EDUCATION
Education1840:
Out of the 111 000 children in Eastern Canada …
only 5000 of them went to school (that’s only 4.5%).
What was the problem? Not enough schools and little
organization.
Education In 1841 the Canadian government passes
a law creating Public School Boards to collect taxes and to organize the schools.
However, they created one Catholic
board and one Protestant.
Is this a Good or a Bad thing?
Education School attendance started to increase.
The number of elementary schools in 1842 was 804, but by 1866 it was 3589.
Reasons for this increase: School was now mandatory up to a certain age The Canadian population started to believe in
creating a better life for their children.
As a result, schools started to overflow with children…
McGill - 1821
Bishops - 1843
Laval - 1852
Montreal - 1878
Higher EducationIn response to the British desire for professionals trained in Canada – two English speaking Universities were created:
McGill (1821) in Montreal - EnglishBishops (1843) Sherbrooke -
English
Higher EducationThe Clergy started to worry about the influence of these English Universities, so they created their own:
1852 - the Université Laval was created in Quebec City.
1878 - the Université of Montreal
Higher Education
Of course, the Francophone and the Anglophone schools were split.
Anglophone Universities – funded by English businesses: Engineering and Medicine.
Francophone Universities - funded by the Church: Theology, Law and Art
Higher Education
The Universities however, were only for the bourgeoisie – very few farmers got to attend!
The 20th century would bring even more growth in the area of education – especially after the 1930’s and two World Wars.
And naturally, the cultural landscape would change yet again…
You are learning…(my little ones…heh heh heh!)
