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Chapter 3 Biochemistry . 3.1. Organic molecules are carbon based There are many different organic molecules Simplest organic molecules- hydrocarbons. 3.1. Diverse Organic Molecules are possible because carbon can bond to carbon and form Long chains Ring structures - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 3 Biochemistry
3.1
Organic molecules are carbon based
There are many different organic molecules
Simplest organic molecules- hydrocarbons
3.1
Diverse Organic Molecules are possible because carbon can bond to carbon and form Long chains Ring structures Single , double or triple bonds isomers
We can form many different carbon skeletons
3.2 Functional Groups
Others groups of atoms are added to the carbon skeleton to create molecules with different chemical properties- Functional groups
3.2 Functional Groups
Carboxyl – weak acid, in acids, including amino acids
Carbonyl- polar, found in ketones and aldehydes, sugars
Hydroxyl- polar, in alcoholsAmino- weak base, found in amino
acidsPhosphate- polar, found in DNA and
the energy molecule ATP
3.3 Creating and digesting macromolecules Four classes of organic
macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Carbs, Proteins and Nucleic acids are polymers
PolymersPolymer- a large molecule consisting of
many smaller similar subunits called monomers
Polymers are formed by connecting monomers in a dehydration reaction. This produces water as a waste.
Polymers are digested by adding water and creating monomers- Hydrolysis reaction
3.4 Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
3.4 Monosacharides
Molecular formula- CH2O Contain carbonyl and hydroxyl
groups building blocks of disaccharides and
polysaccharides
Glucose- main cellular fuel Fructose- fruit sugarRibose, deoxyribose – sugars
found in nucleic acids
3.5 Disaccharides
When two monosaccharides are linked by a dehydration reaction a discaccharide forms
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose Glucose + Galactose= Lactose
3.7 Polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides are polysaccharides
Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin
3.8 Lipids
Lipids – also called fats or triglycerides
Are hydrophobic- do not mix in water
Made of glycerol and three fatty acids
linked by dehydration synthesis
Fatty Acids
May be saturated – have no double bonds so carbons have all of the hydrogens possible
Unsaturated – at least one double bond, missing hydrogens
3.8 Fats
Fats store energy (2x as much as an equal mass of carb)
Waterproof Cushion Insulate
Saturated Fats
Come from animals Are solids at room temp Are generally not very healthy for
you and should be limited in your diet
Unsaturated Fats
Come from Plants (with one exception) and are liquids at room temperature
Are generally healthier for us
Polyunsaturated fats
Polyunsaturated fats are found in some types of fish and have been found to help lower cholesterol.
Hydrogenated Oils
Liquid oils are turned into solids by adding hydrogens to them
This process creates Trans Fat – which has been linked with heart disease
Is in most baked goods
Atherosclerosis
The building of lipid deposits in artery walls
Reduces blood flow Plays a role in heart disease
3.9 modified fats
Waxes- one fatty acid linked to an alcohol
Phospholipids- one glycerol, 2fatty acids and a phosphate in place of the third fatty acid- make up cell membranes
3.10 Steroids
Steroids are made of three 6 sided rings and one five sided ring
Cholesterol is a steroid associated with saturated fat
Estrogen and testosterone are made from cholesterol
3.10 anabolic steroids
Synthetic testosterones which build bone and muscle mass
May lead to mood disturbance, liver damage, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, in adolescents bones may stop growing, and acne and baldness (both are influenced by testosterone)
Reproductive Side Effects Males will reduce the production of
natural male hormone which may impair normal reproductive function and fertility.
Females have very little testosterone in their system naturally so they may experience disrupted menstrual cycles, and develop male traits like facial hair, voice deepening etc