1

10/10/05 ComD 250 1

Chapter 3

Anatomy and

Physiology of Speech

2

10/10/05 ComD 250 2

Speech Process

Respiration Phonation Articulation Resonance

3

10/10/05 ComD 250 3

Respiratory System

1. Nasal cavity2. Oral cavity3. Pharynx4. Larynx5. Trachea

16-20 incomplete rings6. Lungs

Bronchialveoli

4

10/10/05 ComD 250 4

Alveoli

www4.tpgi.com.au/.../body/respiratory.htmlwww.doctorslisted.com/images/

300 million minute pits per lung70 square meters (size of tennis court)Exchange between blood and oxygen-rich air in lungs

5

10/10/05 ComD 250 5

Diaphragm

Primary muscleof respiration

whyfiles.org/204endurance_training/2.html

6

10/10/05 ComD 250 6

Expiration &Inspiration

•not talking–12 times per minute–2.5 second phase (both)

•talking–2 to 3 second inspiration–up to15 second expiration

7

10/10/05 ComD 250 7

Respiratory Physiology

• 500 to 750 cubic centimeters per cycle (tidalair/volume)

• 3500 to 5000 cubic centimeters (vital capacity)– spirometer– 1000 less for adult females over adult males)

• 1000 to 1500 cubic centimeters (residualcapacity)

8

10/10/05 ComD 250 8

Phonation

Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages Cricoid cartilage Trachea

9

10/10/05 ComD 250 9

Phonation - Larynx

http://ww2.med.jhu.edu/voice/larynx.html

10

10/10/05 ComD 250 10

Phonation - Larynx

http://ww2.med.jhu.edu/voice/larynx.html

11

10/10/05 ComD 250 11

Phonation - Larynx

Pitch (frequency) Length Thickness Degree of tension

Loudness (volume) Duration of closed

phase

http://www.aos-jax.com/nrml_lar.htm

12

10/10/05 ComD 250 12

Vocal Tract

Mandible Lips Alveolar ridge Teeth Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Tonsils Tongue

13

10/10/05 ComD 250 13

Articulation

www.mouth-cancer-symptoms.com/

Articulators lips teeth (central and lateral incisors), canine/cuspid, 1st premolar (bicuspid), 2nd premolar (Bicuspid), 1st, 2nd and 3rd molar. hard palate soft palate tongueOther landmarks uvula tonsils

14

10/10/05 ComD 250 14

Resonance - Oral Cavity

www.drsinha.com/tonsillectomy.htm

•oral cavity–Tongue Musculature

•intrinsic muscles - changes shape of tongue•extrinsic - changes in tongue position

–Mandibular Movement•elevators•depressors•protractor

15

10/10/05 ComD 250 15

Resonance - Nasal Cavity

www.ghorayeb.com/CleftPalate.html

•nasal cavity–soft palate or velum–raises to close off nasal cavity–muscles to elevate and depress

16

10/10/05 ComD 250 16

www.cortexity.com:8080/nicksblog/

Resonance - Pharynx

Nasopharynx Oropharynx laryngopharynx

17

10/10/05 ComD 250 17

Resonance - Larynx

www.phon.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/phonation.htm

18

10/10/05 ComD 250 18

Articulatory Physiology

Vowels Shape of cavity

Consonants Voicing Place of production Manner of production

19

10/10/05 ComD 250 19

The Nervous System andSpeech Production

20

10/10/05 ComD 250 20

synapse

motor orefferentnerve

sensory or afferent nerve

composed of billions of individual cells (neurons) and their supportive tissuecell bodydendrites - short extensions around cell bodyaxon - long extensionend brushes - numerous branches which allow a synapse

21

10/10/05 ComD 250 21

Nervous System

http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/large/central-nervous-system.jpg

•central nervous system (CNS)–brain–spinal cord

•peripheral nervous system (PNS)–voluntary

•cranial nerves•spinal nerves

–involuntary•autonomic nervous system

22

10/10/05 ComD 250 22

MajorRegionsof theBrain

http://w3.aces.uiuc.edu/AnSci/BSE/Figures/CNS_parts_85_rgb.jpg

23

10/10/05 ComD 250 23

The Brainhttp://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8888/Teachers/pphelps//Published_Trays/PS107-Fall98-Lec2/slide_9.html

http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/brainlab/braindevelopment.html

Major embryonic areas of the brain.•Forebrain•Midbrain•Hindbrain

24

10/10/05 ComD 250 24

The Forebrain - Cerebrum

http://www.newhopeforparkinsons.com/images/brainillustration2.gif

laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8888/.../slide_21.html

•cerebral hemispheres–cortex

•outermost few millimeters•dark in color (gray matter)

–nerve tracts (white matter)•projection fibers (from cortex down)•association fibers (front to back)•commissural (between hemispheres)

•basal nuclei or ganglia–gray matter deep within the hemisphere

•roll in cordination–athetosis (slow, writhing, snakelike movements)–chorea (jerky purposeless movements)

•thalamus (walnut shaped)–synthesizer and relay center–regulates water balance, sleep and consciousness, body temperatureand food intake

•olfaction center

25

10/10/05 ComD 250 25

Hemispheric Specialization

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T012861A.gif

26

10/10/05 ComD 250 26

Landmarks

http://photos1.blogger.com/img/281/4281/320/Brain%20-%20Lobes.jpg

•Frontal Lobe•Parietal Lobe•Occipital Lobe•Temporal Lobe•Lateral Fissure (deep)•Central Sulcus (shallow)•Precentral Gyrus (motor cortex)•Postcentral Gyrus (sensory cortex)

27

10/10/05 ComD 250 27

Specialization for Speech

1. Auditory area2. Visual cortex3. Wernicke’s Area4. Broca’s Area5. Motor cortex

1 32

45

28

10/10/05 ComD 250 28

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/ibank/0009.jpg

•cerebral peduncles (paired, short thick stalks)•descending and ascending fiber tracts•connect cerebrum with hindbrain•centers for motor coordination

29

10/10/05 ComD 250 29

The Hindbrain

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/ibank/0012lll.jpg

•cerebellum (little brain)–integrating and coordinating center

•maintains muscle tone•posture•equilibrium•muscle coordination

–ataxia•pons (bridge)

–tranverse white fibers (cerebellum)–longitudinal white fibers (medulla and cerebrum)

•medulla oblongata–continuous with spinal cord–all ascending and descending nerve tracts of spinal cord

30

10/10/05 ComD 250 30

Cranial Nerves

I. OlfactoryII. OpticIII. OculomotorIV. TrochlearV. TrigeminalVI. AbducensVII. FacialVIII. AcousticIX. GlossopharyngealX. VagusXI. AccessoryXII. Hypoglossal

31

10/10/05 ComD 250 31

Spinal Cord and Nerves

Gray matter in center(H)

Ventral (motor) horns Dorsal (sensory)

horns Reflex arc