Chapter 29, Section Chapter 29 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World (1910–1939) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice

Chapter 29, Section

Chapter 29

Nationalism and Revolution Around the World

(1910–1939)

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

World History: Connection to Today World History: Connection to Today

Chapter 29, Section

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Chapter 29: Nationalism and Revolution Around the World(1910–1939)

Section 1: Struggle for Change in Latin America

Section 2: Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East

Section 3: India Seeks Self-Rule

Section 4: Upheavals in China

Section 5: Empire of the Rising Sun

World History: Connection to Today World History: Connection to Today

Chapter 29, Section

Struggle for Change in Latin AmericaStruggle for Change in Latin America

• What were the causes of the Mexican Revolution?

• What reforms were introduced in Mexico?

• How did nationalism affect Mexico?

• What was the Good Neighbor Policy?

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Causes of the Mexican Revolution Causes of the Mexican Revolution

Most Mexicans were peasants who lived in desperate poverty.

Factory workers and miners earning meager wages were restless and angry.

Middle-class liberals, who embraced democracy, opposed the lengthy Díaz dictatorship.

A liberal reformer, Francisco Madero, encouraged revolt.

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Chapter 29, Section

Reforms in MexicoReforms in Mexico

The Constitution of 1917:• permitted the breakup of large estates• placed restrictions on foreigners owning land• allowed nationalization, or government takeover, of natural resources• made church land “the property of the nation”• set a minimum wage• protected workers’ right to strike• gave some protections to women

In the 1920s, the government also:• helped some Indian communities regain lands that had been taken from

them • launched a massive effort to combat illiteracy

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A tide of economic nationalism, or emphasis on domestic control of the economy, swept through Mexico and other Latin American countries. • Local entrepreneurs set up factories to produce goods.• The government nationalized resources and took over foreign-

owned industries.

In Mexico and in other Latin American countries, writers, artists, and thinkers began to reject European influences. Instead, they took pride in their own culture. Pride in one’s own culture is called cultural nationalism.• A revival of mural painting, a major art form of the Aztecs, took

place. Muralists like Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros created magnificent works.

How Did Nationalism Affect Mexico?How Did Nationalism Affect Mexico?1

Chapter 29, Section

The Good Neighbor PolicyThe Good Neighbor Policy

The United States played the role of “international policeman,” intervening to restore order when it felt its interests were threatened. This included sending troops to Latin American countries to protect American interests.

These actions stirred up anti-American feelings among Latin Americans.

In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt pledged to follow the Good Neighbor Policy. The United States withdrew troops stationed in Haiti and Nicaragua. It also lifted the Platt Amendment, which had limited Cuban independence.

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Why was the revival of mural paintings an example of cultural nationalism?

a) Murals became an important source of revenue in Mexico.b) Spanish conquistadors had brought mural painting to

Mexico in the 1600s.c) The United States sponsored muralists in Mexico.d) Mural painting was a major art form of the Aztecs.

Under the Good Neighbor Policy, the United Statesa) passed the Platt Amendment.b) withdrew troops stationed in Haiti and Nicaragua.c) sent troops to Latin American nations to protect

American interests.d) became an “international policeman.”

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Section 1 AssessmentSection 1 Assessment1

Chapter 29, Section


Why was the revival of mural paintings an example of cultural nationalism?

a) Murals became an important source of revenue in Mexico.b) Spanish conquistadors had brought mural painting to

Mexico in the 1600s.c) The United States sponsored muralists in Mexico.d) Mural painting was a major art form of the Aztecs.

Under the Good Neighbor Policy, the United Statesa) passed the Platt Amendment.b) withdrew troops stationed in Haiti and Nicaragua.c) sent troops to Latin American nations to protect

American interests.d) became an “international policeman.”


Chapter 29, Section

Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle EastNationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East

• How did Africans resist colonial rule?

• What signs of nationalism developed in Africa?

• How did Turkey and Iran modernize?

• How did European mandates contribute to the growth of Arab nationalism?

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Resistance to Colonial RuleResistance to Colonial Rule

• Those who had lost their lands to Europeans sometimes squatted, or settled illegally, on European-owned plantations.

• In cities, workers began to form forbidden labor unions.• Western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of

imperial rule. • Socialism found a growing audience.• In Kenya, the Kikuyu protested the loss of their land, forced

labor, heavy taxes, and required identification cards.• In Nigeria, Ibo women denounced British policies that

threatened their rights and their economic role. • In South Africa, a vital nationalist movement demanded

rights for black South Africans.

Opposition to imperialism grew among Africans. Resistance took many forms.

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During the 1920s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world.

• Marcus Garvey preached “Africa for Africans” and demanded an end to colonial rule.

• W.E.B. DuBois organized the first Pan-African Congress, which called for a charter of rights for Africans.

French-speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean expressed pride in their African roots through the négritude movement.

• Senegalese poet Léopold Senghor celebrated Africa’s rich cultural heritage and later became Senegal’s first president.

Rise of NationalismRise of Nationalism2

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The Middle East, 1920sThe Middle East, 1920s2

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Modernization in Turkey and IranModernization in Turkey and Iran

Atatürk forced through an ambitious program of radical reforms. His goals were to modernize Turkey along western lines and separate religion from government. He:

replaced Islamic law with a European-style law code

replaced the Muslim calendar with the western calendar

forced people to wear western dress

opened state schools

encouraged industrial expansion

outlawed polygamy and gave rights to women

Shah Reza Khan rushed to modernize Iran and make it fully independent. He: built factories, roads, and railroads and strengthened the army

adopted the western alphabet

forced Iranians to wear western clothing

set up modern, secular schools.

replaced Islamic law with secular law

encouraged women to take part in public life

TURKEY IRAN

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European Mandates and Arab NationalismEuropean Mandates and Arab Nationalism

During World War I, Arabs had been promised independence in exchange for helping the Allies against the Central Powers.

Instead, the Paris Peace Conference had set up mandates — territories administered by European nations, which outraged the Arabs.

In 1917, the British issued the Balfour Declaration, which supported the idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Palestine was already the home to many Arab communities. This set the stage for conflict between Arab and Jewish nationalists.

Arabs felt betrayed by the West — a feeling that has endured to this day. During the 1920s and 1930s, their anger erupted in frequent protests and revolts against western imperialism.

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Section 2 Assessment Section 2 Assessment

Which of the following was not an example of African resistance to colonial rule? a) Workers formed labor unions. b) Ibo women denounced British policies. c) Western-educated Africans criticized imperial rule. d) Europeans took over land belonging to Africans.

Who organized the first Pan-African conference? a) Marcus Garvey b) W.E.B. DuBois c) Léopold Senghor d)

Diego Rivera


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Section 2 Assessment Section 2 Assessment 2

Which of the following was not an example of African resistance to colonial rule? a) Workers formed labor unions. b) Ibo women denounced British policies. c) Western-educated Africans criticized imperial rule. d) Europeans took over land belonging to Africans.

Who organized the first Pan-African conference? a) Marcus Garvey b) W.E.B. DuBois c) Léopold Senghor d)

Diego Rivera


Chapter 29, Section

India Seeks Self-RuleIndia Seeks Self-Rule

• What sparked the Indian independence movement after World War I?

• How did Mohandas Gandhi influence the independence movement?

• What did the Salt March symbolize?

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What Sparked the Indian Independence Movement After World War I?What Sparked the Indian Independence Movement After World War I?

• The Amritsar massacre was a turning point for many Indians. It convinced them of the evils of British rule.

• The British had promised India greater self-rule in exchange for sending more than a million troops to fight in World War I. However, after the war, Britain proposed only a few minor changes.

• In the 1920s, a new leader, Mohandas Gandhi, emerged and united all Indians.

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Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi

Gandhi adopted the weapon of nonviolent (passive) resistance and embraced Hindu traditions.

During the 1920s and 1930s, Gandhi launched a series of nonviolent actions against British rule. • He called for boycotts of British goods, especially textiles.• He urged Indians to wear only cotton grown and woven in

India. • He worked to restore pride in India’s traditional industries. • He inspired Indians to “get rid of helplessness.”

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The Salt MarchThe Salt March

While natural salt was available in the sea, Indians were forced by the British to buy salt sold by the British government.

To Gandhi, the British salt monopoly was a symbol of British oppression. To mobilize mass support, Gandhi set out to end the British salt monopoly.

During the Salt March, Gandhi picked up a lump of the forbidden salt and declared, “With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British empire.”

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Why was the Amritsar massacre a turning point? a) It gave the British more power in India. b) It convinced many Indians of the evil of British rule. c) It resulted in the expulsion of the British from India. d) It cemented good relations between Britain and India.

What did the British salt monopoly symbolize to Gandhi? a) poor health b) British oppression

c) big business d) Indian weakness


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Why was the Amritsar massacre a turning point? a) It gave the British more power in India. b) It convinced many Indians of the evil of British rule. c) It resulted in the expulsion of the British from India. d) It cemented good relations between Britain and India.

What did the British salt monopoly symbolize to Gandhi? a) poor health b) British oppression

c) big business d) Indian weakness


Chapter 29, Section

Upheavals in ChinaUpheavals in China

• What were the key challenges to the Chinese republic?

• What leaders emerged in the “new” China?

• How did invasion by Japan affect China?

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• When Yuan Shikai tried to make himself emperor, the military objected, and opposition divided the nation.

• In the provinces, warlords seized power.

• During the upheaval, foreign powers were able to increase their influence over Chinese affairs.

• Student protests set off a cultural and intellectual ferment known as the May Fourth Movement.

• Some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin.

Challenges to the Chinese RepublicChallenges to the Chinese Republic4

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Revolutionary of peasant origins.

Believed the Communists should seek support among the large peasant masses.

Took over the Guomindang after Sun’s death.

Led the Guomindang in a series of “extermination campaigns” against the Communists.

With his Guomindang, or Nationalist party, established a government in South China.

Turned to the Russians when western powers ignored his pleas for help in building a democratic China.

Mao ZedongJiang JieshiSun Yixian

Leaders for a New ChinaLeaders for a New China4

Chapter 29, Section

Civil War in China, 1925 – 1935Civil War in China, 1925 – 19354

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Japanese InvasionJapanese Invasion

In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, adding it to the growing Japanese empire.In the face of Japanese aggression, Jiang was forced to form a united front with the Communists against Japan.In 1937, Japanese troops attacked again, overrunning eastern China, including Beijing and Guangzhou.Jiang retreated to the interior and set up his capital at Chongqing.Japanese troops marched into Nanjing.After the city’s surrender, the Japanese killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians in what came to be known as the “rape of Nanjing.”

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Who led a series of extermination marches against the Communists? a) Mao Zedongb) Jiang Jieshic) Sun Yixiand) the Japanese

During the 1930s, Japan invaded and overran all of the following except a) Beijing. b) Nanjing. c) Chongqing.

d) Manchuria.


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Section 4 AssessmentSection 4 Assessment

Chapter 29, Section 4

Who led a series of extermination marches against the Communists? a) Mao Zedong b) Jiang Jieshi

c) Sun Yixian d) the Japanese

During the 1930s, Japan invaded and overran all of the following except a) Beijing. b) Nanjing.

c) Chongqing. d) Manchuria.


Section 4 AssessmentSection 4 Assessment

Chapter 29, Section

Empire of the Rising SunEmpire of the Rising Sun

• How did liberal changes affect Japan during the 1920s?

• How did nationalists react to Japan’s problems during the Great Depression?

• How did the militarists use their power?

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Liberal Changes of the 1920sLiberal Changes of the 1920s

During the 1920s, Japan moved toward greater democracy:• Political parties grew stronger.• Elected members of the Diet — the Japanese parliament

— exerted their power.• All adult men won the right to vote.• Western ideas about women’s rights had brought few

changes.• Japan signed agreement with western powers to limit the

size of its navy. • The government reduced military spending.

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Serious ProblemsSerious Problems

• The economy grew more slowly in the 1920s than at any time since Japan modernized.

• Rural peasants enjoyed none of the prosperity of city dwellers.

• Factory workers earning low wages were attracted to the socialist ideas of Marx and Lenin.

• Members of the younger generation were in revolt against tradition.

• Tension between the government and the military simmered below the surface.

Behind the seeming well-being, Japan faced some grave problems.

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The Nationalist ReactionThe Nationalist Reaction

• Economic disaster fed the discontent of the leading military officials and ultranationalists, or extreme nationalists. They condemned politicians for agreeing to western demands to stop overseas expansion.

• Japanese nationalists were further outraged by racial policies in the United States, Canada, and Australia that shut out Japanese immigrants.

• As the economic crisis worsened, nationalists demanded renewed expansion.

• In 1931, a group of Japanese army officers provoked an incident that would provide an excuse to seize Manchuria from China.

In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the Pacific, striking Japan with devastating force.

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By the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning popular support for foreign conquests and a tough stand against western powers.

Civilian government survived, but by 1937 it had been forced to accept military domination. To please the ultranationalists, it:

• cracked down on socialists• ended most democratic freedoms• revived ancient warrior values• built a cult around the emperor• focused on spreading the nationalist message in schools• renewed efforts at expansion

How Did Militarists Use Their Power?How Did Militarists Use Their Power?5

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Japan’s Expanding Empire to 1934Japan’s Expanding Empire to 19345

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Which of the following did Japanese nationalists demand? a) increased rights for workers ` b) renewed expansion c) the return of Manchuria to China d) increased power for the zaibatsu

By 1934, Japan had added all of the following territory to its empire except a) Taiwan. b) Korea.c) Manchuria. d) Mongolia.

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Which of the following did Japanese nationalists demand? a) increased rights for workers b) renewed expansion c) the return of Manchuria to China d) increased power for the zaibatsu

By 1934, Japan had added all of the following territory to its empire except a) Taiwan. b) Korea. c) Manchuria. d) Mongolia.


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Chapter 29, Section Chapter 29 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World (1910–1939) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice