Chapter 27C—WWII Battles and Conferences(887-897 )The student will understand some of thefighting that took place in the Europeanand Pacific campaigns, as well as theagreements that took place among theAllies near the end of the war.

AL COS 11th grade #11

U.S. entry into the war: came at a time when the Allies were losing on all fronts

Axis Powerin 1941

chart showing the level of U-boat activities and attacks in the Gulf of Mexico in 1942 and 1943,

The large Type IXC submarine, with its long range and complement of torpedoes, was the preferred type for assignment to the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.

Robert E. Lee, last ship sunk by U-166

Total losses to these U-boats in the Gulf of Mexico were 56 ships sunk and 14 damaged.

A close-up of the U-166 "wintergarten," with its 20mm anti-aircraft gun.

U-166, only German sub sunk in the Gulf of Mexico

close-up of the U-166 37mm main-deck gun.

Allies’ strategy: to win the war was to concentrate on North Africa and Europe, then Asia.

North African landing: 1st Offensive Step in the War. Its purpose was to open a second front to relieve pressure on the red army.

Atlantic Wall:Operation Overlord: led by Eisenhower, invasion of Normandyd-day-battle-gear - d-day-battle-gearEISENHOWER: Overall Commander ofAllied Forces in Europe

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D-Day broadcast available on We Interrupt This Broadcast book/CD

D-Day:June 6, 1944; allowed for 2 million troops in France by late July.

The Battle of the Bulge: last ditch effort by the German which led to the largest battle in Western Europe; costly battle that essentially exhausted Germany’s reserves and opened the way to Germany

carpet bombing: RAF bombing of Germany at night in which a large number of bombs are scattered over a wide area.

BATTLE FACTS  The coldest, snowiest weather “in memory” in the Ardennes Forest on the German/Belgium border.   Over a million men, 500,000 Germans, 600,000 Americans and 55,000 British.   3 German armies, 10 corps.   3 American armies, 6 corps,.   100,000 German casualties, killed, wounded or captured.    81,000 American casualties, including 23,554 captured and 19,000 killed.   1,400 British casualties  200 killed.    800 tanks lost on each side, 1,000 German aircraft.

Stalin: leader of the U.S.S.R.Battle of Stalingrad: Germany overextended their supply lines and its ability to support its troop (a fatal mistake) and lost over 330,000; turning point of the war.

V-E Day: May 8, 1945V-E Day broadcast available on We Interrupt This Broadcast book/CD

Douglas MacArthur: the commanding general of the Philippines, and later the Pacific theater, who vowed “I shall return.” He would later liberate the island.

SEE OUTLINE NOTES OF PACIFIC CAMPAIGNJapanese has an 11 to 4 carrier advantage in the Pacific in 1942. However, the U.S. planned after Dec.7 1941 to build 15 battleships, 14 carriers, 54 cruisers, 191 destroyers, and 73 submarines

Interactive Pacific map

PACIFIC OFFENSIVES Dec. 7, 1941--Pearl Harbor is bombed as well as the Philippines, Guam, Midway, Hong Kong, and Malaya, but Roosevelt and Churchill decide to focus on defeating Germany.

USS Arizona and her 1100 men

Battleship row

Dec. to April 1942--Japanese overrun Hong Kong, French Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam), Malaya, Singapore, Burma, Thailand, and Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Guam, Wake Island, and the Aleutians islands (Alaska). April 1942--U.S. bombs Tokyo; action has no real strategic value but makes Japanese realize their vulnerability.

James H. Doolittle

April 9, 1942--General King is ordered to surrender Bataan (Philippines) to the Japanese. 76,000 Americans surrender, the largest group ever. Only Corregidor is left. During the Bataan death march, only 54,000 U.S. soldiers reach the prison camps.

General MacArthur (right) confers with General Wainwright

Read from John Toland’s “The Rising Sun”

"So you are dead. The easy words contain

No sense of loss, no sorrow, no despair.

Thus hunger, thirst, fatigue, combine to drain

All feeling from our hearts. The endless glare,

The brutal heat, anesthetize the mind.

I can not mourn you now. I lift my load,

The suffering column moves. I leave behind

Only another corpse, beside the road."

Lt. Henry G. Lee...A Soldier Poet.

May 8/9 1942--All U.S. forces in the Philippines (Corregidor) finally surrender. 13,000 surrender. May 1942--U.S./Australian fleets stop attempted invasion of Australia in the Battle of the Coral Sea and New Guinea.

June 1942--U.S. forces victorious at the Battle of Midway. Turning point in the Pacific theater, both on the sea and in the air, the initiative now belonged to the U.S. August 1942--U.S. begins battle for Guadalcanal. Jan. 1943--Japanese withdraw from Guadalcanal.

Midway and Guadalcanal: marked the turning points in Japan’s control of the Pacific; ended the Japanese offensive and forced Japan to revert to defending what it had earlier occupied.

USS Yorktown, 1937-1942 Battle of Midway, June 1942

Midway results:Japanese carriers destroyed: Agaki, Kaga, Soryu andmthe Hiryu 253 planes3,500 lives.

U.S. forces destroyed:Yorktown150 planes 307 lives;,

Marines landing at Guadalcanal, 8-7-42. First offensive in the Pacific.Its purpose: stop the Japanese from building an airfield to use to strikeAt American ships. The Marines leave victorious Jan. 31, 1943

After a disasterous night battle, the navy opts to leave the Marines on theIsland (some supplies still not unloaded). The Marines built an airstrip(without heavy equipment) and began receiving air-lifted supplies.

The total cost of the Guadalcanal campaign to the American ground combat forces was 1,598, 1,152 of them Marines. Marine aviation casualties were 147 killed and 127 wounded. The Japanese lost close to 25,000 men on Guadalcanal, about half of whom succumbed to illness, wounds, and starvation. The enemy loss of 2 battleships, 3 carriers, 12cruisers, and 25 destroyers, was irreplaceable. The Allied ships losses, though costly, were not fatal; in essence, all ships lost were replaced. In the air, at least 600 Japanese planes were shot down; even more costly was the death of 2,300 experienced pilots and aircrewmen. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Guadalcanal.html excellent source

The temporary resting place of a Marine killed in the fighting at Lunga Point is shownhere. The grave marker was erected by his friends.

MACARTHUR/KING DISPUTE: MacArthur (Army) advocated a move up from the south-west, liberating the occupied territories as a the major objectives; King (Navy) advocated attacking the weak points of the Japanese (Formosa & Ryukyus) and splitting the south-east Asia away from Japanese control. Both plans were combined, but the more difficult plan of MacArthur was more successful with fewer supplies and fewer casualties (island hopping).

February 1944--U.S. captures Solomon, Gilbert, and Marshall islands. Gilbert Island attack: 1,500 of the 5000 U.S. Marines died in one evening trying to land on the shore. Of the 4,700 Japanese soldiers, only 100 surrendered. Marshall Islands: Of the 10,000 Japanese soldiers, only 130 surrendered. U.S. losses total 372. June 1944--U.S. attacks Mariana Islands; Battle of the Philippines Sea.

Butaritari, Makin Atoll, Gilbert Islands, 1943

Solomon Island landing

#3 = Raids into the Indian Ocean, 3-31 to 4-9-42 #4 = Battle of the Coral Sea, May ‘42 #5 = Battle of Midway, 6-4-42 #6 = Battle of the Komandorski Islands, 3-26-43 #7 = Destruction of Truk, 2-1944 (ALA) #8 = Battle of the Phillipine Sea, June 19-20, 1944 #9 = Sinking of Yamato, April 7, ‘45 #10 = Final Destruction, July 24 & 28, 1945

#1 = Attack on Pearl Harbor, 12-7-41 #2 = Sinking of the Prince of Wales and Repulse, 12-10-41

USS Alabama, 1942Launched: 16 February 1942Speed: 28 knotsCrew: 127 Officers, 2,205 Enlisted Men Armament: 9 16"/45 cal. Guns (3 turrets)20 5"/38 cal. Guns (10 mounts)48 40mm Guns (12 mounts)52 20mm Gun

October 1944--U.S. forces converge on Leyte Island in Philippines. At the Battle of Luzon, Japanese lose 192,000 soldiers; U.S. lose 7,933. Spring 1945--Battle of Iowa Jima and Battle of Okinawa take place. At Iowa, six weeks of pre-invasion bombing and shelling with little results. During the land battle, almost all of the 22,000 Japanese soldiers died; U.S. lost 6,821 At Okinawa, fanatic resistance by Japanese cost 12,513 Americans killed, 36,600 woundedOf the 130,000 Japanese soldiers, only 7,400 surrendered. Suicide attacks common.

"Flag raising on Iwo Jima." Joe Rosenthal, 2-23-45

"USS BUNKER HILL hit by two Kamikazes in 30 seconds on 11 May ‘45 OffOkinawa. Dead-372. Wounded-264.”

         Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Despite having lost their sea and air power by late 1944, Japan refused to surrender until two atomic bombs had been dropped on these cities.

What led to the development of theatomic bomb?

Einstein: developed the theory of relativity and suggested that a new powerful weapon could be built. Healso signeda letter to FDR.

Einstein, 1945

Roosevelt: fearing the Germans would develop one first, FDR authorizes the building of a nuclear bomb.Manhattan Project: code name for the top secret project to develop the bomb which cost $2 billion (GRE).

J. Robert Oppenheimer: directed the building of the atomic bomb.

Interim Committee: politicians, military leaders, and scientists who debated whether or not to drop the atomic bomb and possible alternatives. They recommended its use rather than the other option of continued bombing with conventional weapons and a naval blockade. They chose the bomb to end the war quickly and eliminate further American casualties.

Truman: made the decision to use the atomic bomb to end the war.Hiroshima & Nagasaki: Japanese cities bombed to end the war. Buildings were demolished, and people were killed and disfigured (GRE).V.J. Day: August 15, 1945

August 6, 1945--U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima. In one minute, 78,500 were killed; thousands would die later. August 8, 1945--U.S.S.R. declares war on Japan. August 9, 1945--U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki.August 15, 1945—VJ Day

Little Boy (left) Hiroshimaand Fat Man (right) Nagasaki

Announcement of atomic bomb dropping available onWe Interrupt This Broadcast book/CDV-J Day broadcast available on We Interrupt This Broadcast book/CD

"Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., pilot of the ENOLA GAY, the plane that dropped theatomic bomb on Hiroshima, waves from his cockpit before the takeoff, 6 August 1945."

HIROSHIMA

AT12000meters

Hiroshima at Ground Zero

http://www.newseum.org/century/movies/movies.htm#hiroshima shadowshttp://online.sfsu.edu/~amkerner/ch/bridge.htm

“The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians. But that attack is only a warning of things to come. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on her war industries and, unfortunately, thousands of civilian lives will be lost. I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately, and save themselves from destruction.” Truman radio speech 8-9-45

http://www.dannen.com/decision/ for Truman’s radio announcement

NagasakiBefore the bomb

60,000feetaboveNagasaki

NAGASAKI

1945—Victory at Last

VII. The Big 3-Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill1. Teheran Conference (1943) agreement to invade France, divide Germany after the war, and have the Soviet declare war against Japan.

2. Yalta (Feb. 1945) agreement includes Stalin promising to enter into the war against Japan, recognize Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi), and establish democratic govts. in Eastern Europe with free elections. Remember, USSR troops already occupied Eastern Europe and were 50 miles from Berlin. The U.S. would delay going into Berlin to prevent American casualties and to reassure the Soviets that there would be no separate peace with Germany.

3. Potsdam agreement (June '45) showed the Allies splitting apart. The U.S. tried to work with the Soviets in order to gain Soviet troops for Japanese campaign and to help create the Soviet Union. Diplomacy would fail and the Cold War would begin out of the Soviet refusal to follow various agreements. Disagreements between the U.S/USSR was mainly over Eastern Europe. USSR would argue that the U.S. was being aggressive.

Yalta Conference: was the plan for post world war.FDR’s death broadcast available on We Interrupt This Broadcast book/CD

Casablanca Conference: (Jan. ’43) strategy for Allies to focus on Europe, not the Pacific.

DBQ for Tuesday:

Hoover is often thought of as a conservative; Roosevelt is often thought of as a liberal. To what extent are these characterizations valid?

Chapter 27C—WWII Battles and Conferences

(887-897 )The student will understand some of thefighting that took place in the Europeanand Pacific campaigns, as well as theagreements that took place among theAllies near the end of the war.

AL COS 11th grade #11