ASSERTION AND REASONING1. A: Identity Crises is Coined by Erikson, "identity crisis" refers to the

anxiety that accompanies efforts to define or redefine one's individuality or social reputationR: It Can occur anytime, but more likely in adolescence, middle adulthood.Ans: a

2. A: Identity is the self that we show to others, part of ourselves that we use to create impression, to let others know what to expect from usR: Different from self-concept because identity contains elements that are socially observable, publicly available expressions of self.Ans: b

3. A: Cognitive identity includes sex, ethnicity, and heightR: Identity has an element of continuity because many of its aspects, such as sex and ethnicity, are constant.Ans: d

4. A: Self-concept provides a person with a sense of continuity and framework for understanding her past and present, and for guiding future behaviorR: Self-concept is like a network of information in memory that organizes and provides coherence for how we experience the selfAns: b

5. A: I deal self (what a person herself want to be) versus ought self (person's understanding of what other's want her to be)R: Ideal and ought selves are self-guides—they represent standards a person uses to organize information and motivate appropriate behaviorAns: a

6. A: Around age two to three, among the first aspects of self that children learn to identify and associate with themselves are sex and ageR: Children ages two to three also expand self-concept to include the reference to familyAns: b

7. A: Kagan's research indicates that parents of formerly shy children encouraged children to socializeR: Shyness is also referred to as social anxiety—discomfort related to social interactions, or even to the anticipation of social interactionsAns: a

8. A: Identity is the self that we show to others, part of ourselves that we use to create impression, to let others know what to expect from us.R: Different from self-concept because identity contains elements that are socially observable, publicly available expressions of self. Ans: b

9. A: According to violation of desire theory (Buss, 1994), break-ups should be more common when one's desires are violated than when they are fulfilledR: People actively seek mates who are dependable and emotionally stable, and those who fail to choose such mates are at risk for divorceAns: b

10.A: Person can perform actions that cause physical response in a partner

R: Person can elicit actions from another that upset the original elicitor.Ans: d

MATCHING 1.

1. Physical Description -  blue eyes, long hair2. Social Roles - behavior is shaped to some extent by the roles we play3. Personal Traits – 3rd Dimension of personality traits

a. 2 3 1 b. 3 1 2 c. 1 2 3 d. 2 1 3

Ans: c2.

1. Acts as a satiety center for - Anteriorappetite

2. Stimulates appetite - Ventromedial3. Functions with the reticular

activating system to control arousal - LateralInfluences sexual behavior - Posterior

a. 2 3 4 1b. 3 1 2 4c. 1 2 4 3 d. 2 4 1 3

Ans: a

3. 1. Non- epileptic seizures - Serum ammonia2. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - Prolactin3. Impotence - Creatinine phosphokinase4. Hepatic encephalopathy – Testosteronea. 2 3 4 1b. 3 1 2 4c. 1 2 4 3 d. 2 4 1 3

Ans: a

SEQUENCE1. Resolving identity crises Whether in adolescence or adulthood, it

involves two steps arrange them in order1. Person decides which values are most important to him2. Person transforms abstract values into desires and behaviors

a. 1 > 2

b. 2 > 1c. Both 1 or 2d. Neither 1 or 2

Ans: a

PAIRS2. Which of the following pair is correct?

1. Continuity: People can count on you to be the same person tomorrow as you were today.

2. Contrast: Your social identity differentiates you from others, makes you unique in the eyes of others.

a. 1 onlyb. 2 onlyc. Both 1 and 2d. Neither 1 or 2

Ans: c

3. Which of the following pair is wrongly matched ?1. Identity deficit—arises when a person has not formed

adequateidentity and thus has trouble making major decisions2. Identity conflict—involves an incompatibility between two or more

aspects of identitya. 1 onlyb. 2 onlyc. Both 1 and 2d. Neither 1 or 2Ans: d

3. Which of the following is wrongly paired ?

1. Children ages two to three : self-concept to include the reference to family

2. ages three to four, :self-concept is based on developing skills an talents

3. Ages five to six : : begin to compare their skills and abilities

a. 1 and 2 onlyb. 2 And 3 onlyc. All the aboved. None of the above

Ans: d

STATEMENTS1. People who score high on agreeableness tend to prefer mates who

a. score high on extraversion.b. who are dominant.c. who score high on agreeableness.

d. who score low on emotional stability.Ans: c

2. Men who are married to women who score high on conscientiousnessa. are more satisfied with their sex lives than other men.b. are less satisfied with their sex lives than other men.c. are more likely to get divorced than other men.d. both b and c

Ans: a3. Rogers believed that, for psychologically healthy individuals,

a. the self and experience are congruentb. denial of organismic functioning is essentialc. the ideal self replaces the real self.d. an incongruence exists between their organismic self and their

ideal self.Ans: a

4. Rogers believed that a disorganized personality may at times behave consistently with organismic experience and at other times consistently with

a. the ideal self.b. others' expectationsc. the shattered self-concept.d. the actualizing tendency.

Ans: c5. Maslow said that self-actualizing peoplea. feel lonely when they are alone.b. experience anxiety when faced with the unknownc. desire to inform, convert, and instruct othersd. experience a more efficient perception of reality.

Ans: d

DIRECT 1. Self-determination theory suggests that people have three innate needs

which need to be fulfilled for intrinsic motivation to flourish a. Existence, belongingness, goalsb. Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needsc. Attachment, sex, aggressiond. Competence, autonomy, relatedness to others

Ans: d2. Self-actualisation needs differ from other needs in Maslow’s hierarchy

in that they are a. Deficiency needsb. Growth needsc. Belongingness needs d. Esteem needs

Ans: b

3. An individual’s cognitive framework for organizing knowledge about himself or herself is referred to as a __________.

a. self-schemab. Self- actualisazion

c. Self-esteemd. None of the above

Ans: a4. Research suggests that members of minority groups

a. are aware of discrimination.b. are more likely to suffer from low-self esteem.c. do not differ from members of majority groups.d. both a and b

Ans: a5. Crocker and Major suggest that minority group members may engage in

in-group comparison becausea. they want to obtain an accurate self-evaluationb. they want to avoid negative feelings of comparing themselves to

advantaged groups.c. they don't like majority group members.d. both a and b

Ans: d

PASSAGE

of people with their meaningful environments. Rotter believes that, although personality can change at any time, it has a basic unity that preserves it from changing as a result of minor experiences. His empirical law of effect assumes that people choose a course of action that advances them toward an anticipated goal.

IV. Predicting Specific Behaviors

Human behavior is most accurately predicted by an understanding of four variables: behavior potential, expectancy, reinforcement value, and the psychological situation. Behavior potential is the possibility that a particular response will occur at a given time and place in relation to its likely reinforcement. People's expectancy in any given situation is their confidence that a particular reinforcement will follow a specific behavior in a specific situation or situations. Expectancies can be either general or specific, and the overall likelihood of success is a function of both generalized and specific expectancies. Reinforcement value is a person's preference for any particular reinforcement over other reinforcements if all are equally likely to occur. Internal reinforcement is the individual's perception of an event, whereas external reinforcement refers to society's evaluation of an event. Reinforcement-reinforcement sequences suggest that the value of an event is a function of one's expectation that a particular reinforcement will lead to future reinforcements. The psychological situation is that part of the external and internal world to which a person is responding. Behavior is a function of the interaction of people with their meaningful environment. Hypothetically, in any specific situation, behavior can be predicted by the basic prediction formula, which states that the potential for a behavior to occur in a particular situation in relation to a given reinforcement is a function of people's expectancy that the behavior will be followed by that reinforcement in that situation.

1. Rotter's theory assumes thata. most human motivation is unconscious.b. motivation is goal directed.

c. natural selection determines behavior.d. people are primarily motivated to reduce tension.

Ans:b2. Which of these is NOT one of Rotter's four variables of prediction?

a. expectancyb. locus of controlc. the psychological situationd. reinforcement value

Ans: b3. Behavior potential in any situation is a function of reinforcement value

anda. interpersonal trust.b. need value.c. expectancy.d. internal locus of control.

Ans: c4. Behavioral potential can be predicted when reinforcement value is held

constant anda. expectancy is also held constant.b. expectancy varies.c. drive strength is held constant.d. drive strength varies.

Ans: b5. Rotter called a person's subjective perception of the value of an event

a. the empirical law of effectb. generalized expectancyc. external reinforcementd. internal reinforcement

Ans: d