Chapter 26The Cold War Begins

Section 4

Eisenhower’s Policies

Election of 1952

• Democrat – Adlai Stevenson

• Republican – Dwight Eisenhower

• Eisenhower was a national hero after commanding the D-Day invasion.

“New Look”

• Eisenhower felt the way to win the Cold War was through a strong military and strong economy.

• Believed the use of atomic weapons was necessary.

• Believed we needed a “New Look” in our defense policy.

Massive Retaliation

• He wanted to prevent war from happening.

• A policy of massive retaliation was used to threaten the use of nuclear weapons on any Communist state that tried to gain territory by force.

• Result:– Military spending down– Nuclear arsenal spending up

New Technology

• B-52 Bomber could fly across continents and drop nuclear bombs anywhere in the world.

• Intercontinental ballistic missiles (icbm) and submarines capable of launching nuclear missiles were also created.

ICBM

Nuclear Submarine

The Sputnik Crisis

• October 4, 1957 – Soviets launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.

• Americans felt we were falling behind in missile technology.

The Sputnik Crisis

• The next year, Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and also passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA).

Brinksmanship

• Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace worried some.

• Critics argued, brinksmanship, the willingness to ho to war to force the other side to back down, was too dangerous.

The Korean War Ends

• Eisenhower threatened the use of nuclear weapons.

• Although there was no victor, it did stop the spread of Communism.

The Taiwan Crisis

• 1954 – China threatened to take over two islands from the Nationalists.

• Eisenhower threatened the use of nuclear weapons if China tried to invade Taiwan.

• China retreated.

The Suez Crisis

The Suez Crisis

• Eisenhower wanted to prevent Arab countries from aligning with the Soviet Union.

• To gain support, U.S. offered to help finance a dam on the Nile River for Egypt.

• Congress forced withdrawal of the offer.

The Suez Crisis

• Egyptians took control of the Canal to pay for a dam.

• British & French responded by invading the Suez Canal.

• Soviets threatened rocket attacks.

• Through strong American pressure British & French called off their invasion.

Fighting Communism Covertly

• Eisenhower used covert, or hidden, operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Containment in Developing Nations

• CIA operations took place in developing nations, or those nations with mostly agricultural economies.

• Two examples of covert operations that achieved objectives took place in Iran and Guatemala in the 1950s

Uprising in Hungary

• Covert ops didn’t always work.

• After Stalin died, Nikita Khrushchev became the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1956.

• He delivered a secret speech to Soviet leaders, which was broadcast by the CIA to Eastern Europe.

Uprising in Hungary

• Eastern Europeans staged riots, and an uprising occurred in Hungary.

• Soviet tanks entered Budapest, and stopped the rebellion.

Continuing Tensions

• Eisenhower and Khrushchev agreed to a summit in Paris in order to improve relations.

• Khrushchev stopped the summit after the Soviets shot down an American spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers.

End of Chapter 26

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