Chapter 26 Cold War Conflicts Section One Origins of the Cold War I.Former Allies Clash a.U.S.-Soviet Relations i.U.S., U.S.S.R. have very different economic, political systems ii.U.S. suspicious of Stalin because he had been Hitlers ally iii.Stalin resents that U.S. delayed attacking Germany and hid atom bomb b.The United Nations i.1945, United Nations established as new peacekeeping body ii.UN becomes arena where U.S., U.S.S.R. compete c. Truman Becomes President i.Harry S. Truman succeeds FDR as president ii.As vice-president, Truman was not included in policy decisions - was not told about atom bomb d. The Potsdam Conference i.July 1945 conference with U.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union ii.Stalin does not allow free, multiparty elections in Poland - bans democratic parties II. Tension Mounts a.Bargaining at Potsdam i.Truman becomes convinced that U.S., Soviet aims deeply at odds ii.Soviets want reparations from Germany; Truman objects iii.Agree to take reparations mainly from own occupation zones iv.U.S. emerges from war as great economic power - wants Eastern European raw materials, markets b. Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe i.Soviet Union also has great economic, military strength ii.Unlike U.S., Soviet Union suffered heavy devastation on own soil iii.Installs communist rule in satellite nations, countries it dominates iv.1946, Stalin announces war between communism, capitalism inevitable c. United States Establishes a Policy of Containment i.U.S. policy of containmentmeasures to prevent spread of communism ii.Churchill describes division of Europe as iron curtain III. Cold War in Europe a.The Truman Doctrine i.19451991 Cold Warconflict between U.S., U.S.S.R. - neither nation directly confronts the other on battlefield i.Truman Doctrinesupport against armed minorities, outsiders ii.U.S. replaces British aid to Greece, Turkey; reduce communist threat b. The Marshall Plan i.1947, Sec. of State George Marshall proposes aid to nations in need ii.Marshall Plan revives 16 nations; Communist parties less appealing IV. Superpowers Struggle Over Germany a.The Berlin Airlift i.1948, Stalin closes highway, rail routes into West Berlin ii.Berlin airliftBritain, U.S. fly food, supplies into West Berlin iii.1949, Stalin lifts blockade iv.Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic form b.The NATO Alliance i.Fear of Soviets leads to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ii.European nations, U.S., Canada pledge mutual military support Section Two The Cold War Heats Up I.China Becomes a Communist Country a.Nationalists Versus Communists i.Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek ii.U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is inefficient, corrupt iii.Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support iv.Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945, communists control north China b. Renewed Civil War i.194447, U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to oppose communism ii.1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan iii.Communists establish Peoples Republic of China in mainland iv.U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government c. America Reacts to a Communist Takeover i.U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover ii.Conservatives blame Truman for not sending enough aid I.The Korean War a.A Divided Country i.38th parallel (38 N latitude) divides Japanese surrender in Korea ii.North of 38th parallel surrenders to U.S.S.R.; south to U.S. i.Republic of Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea founded b.North Korea Attacks South Korea i.1950, North Korea invades South, begins Korean War i.South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves i.MacArthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., other forces III. The United States Fights in Korea a.MacArthurs Counterattack i.North Korea drives south, captures Seoul ii.UN, South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone iii.MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides, pushes into north b.The Chinese Fight Back i.China sends troops to help North Korea; push south, capture Seoul ii.Fighting continues for 2 more years c. MacArthur Recommends Attacking China i.MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request ii.Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact iii.UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to 38th parallel d. MacArthur vs. Truman i.MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China; Truman fires him ii.Public outraged over heros dismissal iii.Congressional committee investigation concludes Truman right e. Settling for Stalemate i.1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire ii.1953 armistice: Korea still divided; demilitarized zone established iii.Lack of success, high human, financial costs help elect Eisenhower Section Three The Cold War at Home I.Fears of Communist Influence a.American Sentiments i.Communist takeover of Eastern Europe, China fuel fear of its spread ii.100,000 in U.S. Communist Party; some fear may be loyal to U.S.S.R. b.Loyalty Review Board i.Truman accused of being soft on Communism ii.Sets up Federal Employee Loyalty Program to investigate employees iii.19471951 loyalty boards investigate 3.2 million, dismiss 212 c. The House Un-American Activities Board i.House Un-American Activities Committee investigates Communist ties ii.Investigates Communist influence in movie industry iii.Hollywood Ten refuse to testify, sent to prison iv.Hollywood blacklistpeople with Communist ties, cannot get work d. The McCarran Act i.Actunlawful to plan action that might lead to totalitarianism ii.Truman vetoes, says violates free thought; Congress overrides veto II. Spy Cases Stun the Nation a.Alger Hiss i.Alger Hiss accused of spying for Soviet Union; convicted of perjury ii.Congressman Richard Nixon gains fame for pursuing charges b.The Rosenbergs i.1949, Soviets explode atomic bomb sooner than expected ii.Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving information about U.S. bomb iii.Ethel, Julius Rosenberg, minor Communist Party activists, implicated iv.Rosenbergs sentenced to death; Supreme Court upholds conviction III. McCarthy Launches His Witch Hunt a.McCarthys Tactics i.Senator Joseph McCarthy a strong anti-Communist activist ii.Ineffective legislator; needs issue to win reelection iii.McCarthyismattacking suspected Communists without evidence iv.McCarthy claims Communists in State Department v.Few Republicans speak out; think he has winning strategy for 1952 b. McCarthys Downfall i.1954, McCarthy accuses members of U.S. Army ii.Televised hearings show him bullying witnesses iii.Loses public support; Senate condemns him for improper conduct c. Other Anti-Communist Measures i.States, towns forbid speech favoring violent overthrow of government ii.Millions forced to take loyalty oaths, are investigated iii.People become afraid to speak out on public issues Section Four Two Nations Live on the Edge I.Brinksmanship Rules U.S. Policy a.Race for the H-Bomb i.H-bombhydrogen bombnuclear weapon more powerful than atom bomb ii.1952, U.S. explodes first H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one b.The Policy of Brinksmanship i.John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower ii.Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy: - willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism iii. Nuclear threat unlike any before: millions can die; nation prepares II. Cold War Spreads Around the World a.Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America i.Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information ii.CIA helps oust Iranian prime minister, reinstate Shah iii.CIA helps depose Guatemalas president; army leader becomes dictator b.The Warsaw Pact i.U.S.-Soviet relations thaw after Stalins death in 1953 ii.West Germanys entry into NATO scares Soviets iii.Form Warsaw Pactmilitary alliance with 7 Eastern European countries c. A Summit in Geneva i.Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes open skies policy ii.Soviets reject proposal; spirit of Geneva seen as step to peace d. The Suez Canal i.Gamel Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against Soviets over Aswan Dam ii.Dulles withdraws loan offer; Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal iii.Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes iv.Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw e. The Eisenhower Doctrine i.Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for Egypt ii.Eisenhower DoctrineU.S. will defend Middle East against communists f. The Hungarian Uprising i.1956, Hungarians revolt, call for democratic government ii.Imre Nagy, Communist leader, forms government, promises elections iii.Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets; overthrow Nagy iv.U.S. does not help Soviet satellite; Soviets veto action by UN III. The Cold War Takes to the Skies a.A New Soviet Leader i.Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors: - peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition b. The Space Race i.October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite ii.Shocked Americans pour money into own space program c. A U-2 is Shot Down i.CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 to spy on Soviets ii.Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before Krushchev summit iii.Francis Gary Powers shot down on last flight over Soviet territory d. Renewed Confrontation i.Eisenhower first denies, then concedes U-2 was spying ii.Agrees to stop flights, refuses to apologize as Khrushchev demands iii.U-2 incident renews tension between superpowers; summit cancelled