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CHAPTER 26
Between the Wars
Search for Security- France
United States didn’t ratify the Versailles treaty Not a member of the League of Nations
Without the US, Britain backed off their promise to protect France, Russia became hostile LITTLE ENTENTE: alliance with Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia Weaknesses of Eastern countries no real replacement
for Russia France strictly enforced Versailles Reparations
When Germany could no longer make annual payments of 2.5 billion gold marks, France occupied the Ruhr Valley
Inflation
Germany began printing more paper money 1914: $1 = 4.2 M 1923: $1 = 4.2 TRILLION M
DAWES PLAN: reduced reparations and stabilized Germany’s payments on basis of affordability Initial $200 million loan for
recovery Began era of European
prosperity
Permanent Peace?
TREATY OF LOCARNO: (Germany, Italy, France, England, Belgium) guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France and Belgium Allies left Rhineland Countries would defend each other if one attacked Germany did not accept new Poland border in east “Peace at Last”
KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT: renounced war as an instrument of national policy
Attempts at disarmament largely ignored
Roaring Twenties
Berlin became the entertainment center of Europe Nightclubs, Charleston
Radio & Cinema Jazz Josephine Baker Propaganda Entertainment
Mass Leisure Sports, Olympics, Tourism Dopolavoro, Kraft durch Freude: coordinated free
time
Great Depression
Causes Downturn in domestic economies Collapse of American stock market
Funds pulled from European banks and investments
Effects Unemployment
Great Britain 25% Germany 40% Led to violence in streets
Increased Government interventions increase in Marxism
Increase in authoritarian solutions like FASCISM
Great Depression
Great Britain worked through coalition governments, raised tariffs John Keynes: General Theory of
Employment, Interest, and Money argued demand could be raised by public works financed through deficit spending
Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq India: Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948):
“Great Soul” or Mahatma taught nonviolent resistance 1935: internal self-government
Moving away from Democracy
Postwar societies were divided along class lines – weakened social cohesion War bonds sank in value, hurting
middle-class Women forced out of wartime jobs
as men returned Many women needed jobs as they
were newly widowed or lost marital prospects
People felt victimized by war and depression
Moderate beliefs had fewer followers as Europeans looked for answers
Modern Totalitarian States
Demands active loyalty and commitment
Propaganda to conquer minds and hearts
Total state aimed to control economic, political, social, intellectual, cultural aspects of society
Led by a single leader, single party Rejects limited government and
individual freedoms Mussolini’s Italy – Fascist Nazi Germany – Fascist Soviet Union - Communist
Fascist Italy
1919: Socialists, Liberals, and Popolari were unable to form a cohesive coalition Socialists spoke of revolution, alarming conservatives Benito Mussolini combined anticommunist, antistrike
sentiment with nationalist rhetoric and brute force to gain favor
SQUADRISTI: armed Fascists formed and attacked Socialists and unions Fascists were able to paint themselves as party of order
October 24, 1922: March to Rome with BLACKSHIRTS King Victor Emmanuel III made Mussolini prime
minister
Il Duce
ACERBO LAW: any party winning 25%+ would be allotted 2/3s of seats Fascists won 65% and majority of seats in parliament
Freedom of press, from arrest, due process, of assembly all limited
Militarization Youth Fascists groups enlisted 66% of adolescents
“Woman into the Home” Large families encouraged with incentives and holidays
LATERAN ACCORDS (1929)- Sovereignty of Vatican City, Catholicism sole religion, Church supported Fascist regime
Nazi Germany
WEIMAR REPUBLIC – established after WWI Paul von Hindenburg, President- monarchist, not
in favor of republic Hyperinflation & Depression
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Austrian, failed artist Decorated WWI Veteran Anti-Semitic German nationalist Need for struggle
Nazi Germany
Rise of Hitler By 1921, controlled party and renamed
National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or NAZIS
Created flags, badges, uniforms, newspapers, rituals
SA: (Strumabteilung – Storm Troopers) police force, defended party, break up other parties’ meetings
BEER HALL PUTSCH- emulated Mussolini, marched on Berlin, failed and arrested Mein Kampf – stresses Lebensraum and
Anti-Semitism Hitler realizes an overthrow must come from
the inside
Nazi Germany
Rise of Hitler Führerprinzip- leadership principle, single-
minded party under one leader A good Nazi is one who will die for his Führer Gained thousands of followers who craved ACTION
Used unemployment, social unrest to gain votes Hindenburg and other leaders underestimated
Hitler and believed they control him January 30,1933, named Hitler Chancellor
Hermann Göring (1893-1946) made minister of interior and created police force of SA
Nazi Germany
February 27: REICHSTAG FIRE Hitler accused Communists Hindenburg issues emergency power
to Hitler Suspends all basic rights of citizens
ENABLING ACT: made Hitler dictator GLEICHSCHALTUNG: all institutions
under Nazi control Purged Jews from government Concentration camps established Autonomy of states eliminated Trade unions destroyed All parties abolished
Dissent, like from Ernst Röhm, put down
Nazi Germany- The Total State Total Involvement
NUREMBERG PARTY RALLIES – combined symbolism and amusement to create a totalitarian state Evoked mass enthusiasm
Economy Didn’t nationalize industry- doesn’t matter who controls
industry as long as they recognize their master Public works projects, grants given to private industry REARMAMENT ended depression Laborers had to have a WORKBOOK – controlled
masses
Nazi Germany- The Total State
SS- Schutzstaffeln “protection squads” led by Heinrich Himmler
(1900-1945) Controlled all regular and
secret police under 2 principles Terror – secret police, criminal
police, concentration camps, execution squads, death camps
Ideology- further the Aryan master race
Hitler Youth- children made oaths to Hitler
Women given jobs meant to foster motherhood
Nazi Germany- Creating an Aryan Nation
Two-Day boycott of Jewish businesses Laws excluded “non-Aryans” from legal, civil
service, medical, teaching, entertainment, press positions
NUREMBURG LAWS Took away citizenship Forbade marriages between Jews and Germans Separate Jews politically, socially, legally
Star of David KRISTALLNACHT- Night of the Broken Glass
(Nov 9, 1938)
Soviet Union
Troubles Civil War (1917-1921) 300,000 dead Red Terror: (1918) 250,000 executions Famine (1920-1922) 5 million dead 1921: Industry was 20% of 1913 levels
NEW ECONOMIC POLICY Modified capitalism Private Ownership reintroduced Industry and banking remain to
Government 1922: “UNION OF SOVIET
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS” Agriculture boomed, industry did not
Soviet Union
January 21, 1924: Lenin died POLITBURO (seven members) divided
Left: Leon Trotsky, wanted to end NEP, carry on revolution and spread Communism
Right: continue NEP, rejected world revolution, construct a socialist state
Josef Stalin (1879-1953) party general secretary 1922: appointed 10,000 to key positions Supported Right
Gained control in 1927, expelled Trotsky
Soviet Union under Uncle Joe
FIVE YEAR PLANS Transition from agricultural country to industrial
state Maximum production of capital goods and
armaments Quadrupled production, Doubled oil production, Steel 48 million tons, Coal 36128 million tons
Soviet Union under Uncle Joe
Downside of 5 Year Plans Investment in housing, Wages
declined Laws limited freedom of
movement Propaganda stressed sacrifice Collectivization of agriculture
Surplus through elimination of private farms
Starved peasants to comply 10,000,000 peasants died
Purged Old Bosheviks 8 million arrested, millions
died in Siberian labor camps
Spanish Civil War
King Alfonso supported a coup under General Miguel Primo de Rivero, but the Great Depression saw this regime fall apart, and Alfonso fled Spain
Republic led by the Popular Front (Leftist groups) was unpopular to army officers
General Francisco Franco (1892-1975) led a revolt Franco supported by Hitler and Mussolini Popular Front supported by USSR Abraham Lincoln Brigade from US fought 400,000 killed, 200,000 executed after war
Impact of WWI on art
WWI, Depression, rise of Fascism added to uncertainty EXPRESSIONISM- expresses anguish of times
Edvard Munch (1863-1944) DADA- emphasizes purposelessness of life
Rebellion from artistic movements Hanna Höch (1889-1978) Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)
SURREALISM- sought reality beyond material world and into the unconscious Portrays fantasy, dream, nightmare Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)
Creates a disturbing world where irrational is tangible
The Scream1893
Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-
Belly Cultural Epoch in GermanyHanna Höch 1919
FountainMarcel Duchamp,
1917
AP EURO Mustache of the YearNominee
The Persistence of MemoryDali, 1931