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Chapter 25
Independence of Latin America
Revolutions in US & France set example that successful revolution
possible
• External causes of political change in Latin America
• American Revolution provided a model • French Revolution provided revolutionary
ideology• Slave rebellion of St. Domingue –
provided local slave led success model• Spain, Portugal, French Conflict –
clouds colonial focus
• Who is the primary force pushing early revolution movements?
• Creoles• Where does Toussaint l’Overture bring about
change? • Haiti/Saint Domingue• Who has a longer lasting impact in early Mexican
revolution, Father Miguel Hidlago or Augustin de Iturbide?
• Hidalgo pushed early but eventually lost support• Iturbide – sent to put down revolt but actually continues it
(becomes emperor of Mexico)• Problem: Still a monarchy not meeting needs of people
South America – Venezuela/Colombia
• Who is the famous creole for pushing independence in Venezuela? Simon Bolivar (Creole)
• Gran Colombia was South Americas version of what? United States
BRAZIL
• Who led the violent Independence movement in Brazil that ended up with actual independence from Portugal?
• No one, Pedro I declared independence
• Almost every colony of the new World was a republic except for Mexico and Brazil
Struggles in Latin America
• As a result of early revolutions, was there increased social injustice or status quo?
• Social injustices still rampant (rich got richer, lower class still neglected)
• Possibly because revolutions carried out by creoles
• Most attempts at consolidation failed• Why were they trying to consolidate? That was
the model they saw as successful
Centralists vs Federalists
• Differences among leaders about the forms of republican government.
• Centralists – Strong governments with/ broad power (more colonial)
• Federalists – Favor authority to regional governments (More like US)
• Describe the level of satisfaction with newly forged governments. – VERY LITTLE
• The intent of the Monroe Doctrine was to eliminate whose influence in LA?– Aimed at keeping European countries out of LA
Why did Britain support the Monroe Doctrine?
• Needed the materials and the market
Economic boom Post-1870
• Increasing demand in industrializing Europe stimulated Latin American economic growth.
• Political alliances forged to influence governments (at expense of peasants/working class)
• The developing commerce drew foreign investors.
• What was the problem with increased foreign investment in Latin America?
• $$ useful but key industries under foreign control (government influence)
MEXICO
• People still dissatisfied– Financially weak (target for others)
• Mexican American War• What happened as a result of the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo?• US gets ½ of Mexican territory (5% of population)• Attempt to refocus Mexican politics
• La Reforma (laws and constitution)• French influence/attempt at control (Maximillian von Habsburg)
• Eventually Juarez back to power (Zapotec)– Dies– Followed by Porfirio Diaz governs over a period of stability
Argentina
• Struggle like Mexico (Centralism vs Federalism)– Government eventually compromises to become the
Argentine Republic
• What were some of the key exports for Argentina?
• Foreign trade increases, leads to prosperity– (wool, hides, beef)
• Population triples• Strong sense of national unity
Brazilian Empire
• Smooth transfer of power– hid tension beneath the surface– Not much had changed
• Power passed from Pedro I to Pedro II (boy at the time)– Decades of instability ensued
• What was the new crop in Brazil that proved to be key to increased financial strength?– Coffee became a key crop (1880: 60% of exports) =
increased slavery• 1888 = Slavery abolished in Brazil
Brazilian Empire (cont’d)
• Why did it take so long to abolish slavery in Brazil?
• Slavery was the lifeblood of production• Continued to modernize and change• Dom Pedro II becomes better ruler “of the
people”• New political movement (positivism) push for
a more republican government– Pushes to be more “civilized”
The Plight of Women
• Gained little despite participating– Expected to be wives, mothers (couldn’t vote or hold office)
• Lower class women – more “power” but still not much
• What was the avenue through which women gained some rights?– EDUCATION – Area of improvement– Rise of education system created opportunities for women, As
teachers, they needed education• EDUCATION = Enlightenment = push for change
• Also push for restructuring of classes– Merchants become more important
Economic boom and Foreign Investment post 1870
• Increased demand in industrializing Europe for Latin American goods = economic growth
• Political alliances = influence – (neglected peasants & working class)
• Export fuels expansion– Provides resources for imports of
manufactured goods and local development projects.
Foreign Investment
• Foreign investors: – Germany, United States, Britain, French
• Key industries under foreign control (influenced policies of governments)
• Where were “swallows” (golondrinas) from?– Large amounts of people coming from Europe
(many Italians to Brazil[[swallows] and Argentina)
Who is the “Big Brother” in Latin America?
• US IMPERIALISM– Spanish-American War of 1898
• Brings US into Latin American affairs.
• US already invested in Cuba – (also direct involvement in the Caribbean)
• Cuba – American economic dependent,
• Puerto Rico– annexed
• Panama – US backs revolution in Panama and gained exclusive rights over the canal which they built
• US IS ASSUMING THE ROLE OF “BIG BROTHER” IN LATIN AMERICA
US Imperialism
Internal Imperialism?
• What is the difference between expansionism and imperialism?
• Expansionism – the drive by settlers out of a need for more land
• Imperialism – the search for new: – raw materials – markets – colonization is a side-effect
• Was the domination of what became the US imperialism or expansionism?
Louisiana Purchase• How they got it…
• Louisiana Territory purchased from France
• How was it to be governed?– By Locals or by the US Government?
• It became an imperial holding
Mexican American War• 1846 – 1848• US sent soldiers to area between Mexico
and Republic of Texas (recently annexed)• Provokes war• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• US gets SW US and California• Mexico gets between $15 – 18 million• Different views of further progression
– Some argued to take over the rest of Mexico to further Manifest Destiny
– Some argued to stop the imperial expansion that had slavery undertones
Asian Relation
• What type of relation does Japan and China have with Western nations?
• They are isolationists.
• Trade is only allowed with outsiders in Canton(China) or Nagasaki(Japan)
Reasons/Effects for US Imperialism• REASONS• Racism
– People needed to be “civilized”
• Need for foreign markets• The need for a “Frontier”
– Once the US was formed, they needed a new area to explore to maintain the American spirit
• EFFECT• US now has an adversarial relationship
with many European Countries– Spain (Cuba, Philippines, Caribbean),
Colombia, Britain
Commodore Matthew Perry• Proponent of modernizing the US NavyProponent of modernizing the US Navy
– Called the “Father of the Steam Navy”Called the “Father of the Steam Navy”
• Visit One – 1852 – 1853Visit One – 1852 – 1853• Meets with Tokugawa Shogunate RepresentativeMeets with Tokugawa Shogunate Representative• Presents letter demanding opening of additional Presents letter demanding opening of additional
portsports– Japanese technology was inferiorJapanese technology was inferior– He leavesHe leaves
• Visit Two: 1854 The Convention of KanagawaVisit Two: 1854 The Convention of Kanagawa• Twice as many ships and leaves believing that it Twice as many ships and leaves believing that it
has been acceptedhas been accepted
So what was Britain up to???
The Opium Wars
Dispute between Great Britain and China
Growth of Opium Trade• Europeans bought silk, tea, porcelain, & spices from
China• Chinese would only trade goods for silver• Drain on European finances
Opium Trade
• Opium manufactured in China since 15th century for medical purposes
• Opium then mixed with tobacco so it could be smoked
• Dutch were first to begin trade of opium• English soon followed• Chinese government banned smoking and
trade of opium in 1729 due to health and social issues
English East India Company
• Held monopoly on production and export of opium in India
• Peasant cultivators often coerced and paid in advance for cultivation of poppies
• Sold in Calcutta for a profit of 400%
East India Company
• Buy tea on credit in Canton
• Sell opium at auctions in Calcutta, India
• Then it was smuggled into China through India and Bengal
• 1797 began direct trade of opium into China
• Chinese government had hard time controlling trade in South
Napier Affair
• Lord Napier tried to circumvent the Canton Trade laws to reinstitute East India’s monopoly
• Governor of Macao closed trade with Britain September 2, 1834
• British resumed trade under old restrictions
First Opium War 1834 - 1843
• 1838 Chinese instituted death penalty for native traffickers of opium
• March 1839 – new commissioner to control opium trade – Lin Zexu
• Lin imposed embargo on Britain unless they permanently ended the trade
First Opium War
• March 27, 1839 – British Superintendent of Trade – Charles Elliot demanded all British subjects turn over opium to him
• Opium amounting to a year’s worth of trade was given to Commissioner Lin
• Trade resumed with Britain and no drugs were smuggled
First Opium War
• Lin demanded British merchants to sign a bond promising not to deal opium under penalty of death
• Lin disposed of the opium – dissolving it in the ocean
• Did not realize the impact of this action!
First Opium War
• British merchants and government regarded this as destruction of private property
• Responded by sending warships, soldiers, and the British India Army into China June 1840
• Had superior military force – attacked coastal cities, defeated Qing forces easily
End of the War
• British took Canton and sailed up the Yangtze River
• Took Tax Barges, cut revenue of imperial court of Beijing
• 1842 Qing sued for peace
• Ended with Treaty of Nanjing
Treaty of Nanjing
• Referred to as the Unequal Treaties – accepted 1843
• China – Ceded Hong Kong to the British– Opened ports to British – Canton, Amoy,
Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai
Treaty of Nanjing
• Great Britain received– 21 million ounces of silver– Fixed tariffs– Extraterritoriality for British citizens on
Chinese soil– Most favored nation status– Allowed missionaries into interior of China– Allowed British merchants sphere of influence
in and around British ports
Treaty of Nanjing
• Unresolved Issues– Status of opium trade with China– Equivalent American treaty forbade opium
trade with China– However, both Americans and British were
subject only to the legal trade of their consuls
Second Opium War 1856 - 1860
• Also known as Arrow War
• Followed incident when Chinese bordered British registered, Chinese owned ship – the Arrow
• Crew was accused of piracy and smuggling– Were arrested
Second Opium War
• British claimed ship was flying British flag and was protected under the Treaty of Nanjing
• War delayed by Taiping Rebellion and Indian Mutiny
• British attacked Guangzhou one year later
• Aided by allies of United States, Russia, and France
Second Opium War
• Treaty of Tientsin was created in July 1858 – was not ratified by China until 2 years later
• Hostilities broke out in 1859 when China refused the establishment of British Embassy in Beijing
• Fighting erupted in Hong Kong and Beijing– British burned the Summer and Old Summer
Palace and looted the city
Treaty of Tientsin• 1860 ratified the treaty at the Convention of Peking
• Br, Fr, Rus and US have rights to station in Beijing (a closed city at the time)
• Ten more Chinese ports to be opened • Foreigners gain right to travel interior of China
– Purpose: Travel, trade or missionary activities
• China was to pay foreigners for losses • Legalized the import of Opium
• PowerPoint adapted from http://www.ceas.ku.edu/uploads/The%20Opium%20Wars.ppt
Who Were the Qing?• Manchu people (not Han)
– Qing - meaning pure
• Semi-nomadic people• Highly organized military force• Able to take over due to disorder of Ming Dynasty
– Weakened by weak central government and others corrupting dynasty
• 1st 40 years were spent waging war against Ming Loyalists – Loyalists forced to what becomes Taiwan
• Population quadruples under Qing Dynasty to 420,000,000• Economy based upon money
– Specifically silver (from Europeans via Americas)– Creates a silver glut
• Prompts British importation of opium which played a key role in 19 th century
• Unified tribes (by Nurhaci 1616 – 1626) against Ming
Qing Rule• Established strict laws regarding travel and marriage• No Chinese/Manchu marriage• Chinese not permitted to go to Manchuria• Heavily Confucian and interested in increasing size of
Qing Empire• Kept practice of emphasis on Confucianism for
government advancement– Tried to make sure those people are also Manchu
• Civil Service Examination – Explanation• Scholar-gentry handle the day-to-day operations• Both Ming and Qing Dynasties returned to a more
traditional China (away from Yuan)
Women of the Qing
• Females were seen as a financial burden– They could not take exams – Moved out once married
• Society was heavily patriarchal
• Still practiced foot binding
Future Predictions
• How is Qing China different than other parts of the world?
• Do you think this will be an issue for China?
• What do you think will happen?5
So whassup with the Middle East?
The Ottomans, “The Sick Man of Europe” and a bit
about Egypt
I. Ottoman Empire
A. What was happening in the Ottoman Empire? 1. Succession of weak rulers
2. Corruption 3. Artisan workers in towns – negatively impacted by competition from imported goods from Europe – This led to urban riots. 4. Merchants grew more dependent on doing business with European counterparts – this led to economic dependence of Ottoman Empire on European political rivals
5. Ottomans pushed out of areas like Eastern Europe 6. Russia becomes a major threat to the Ottomans (led to Crimean War) 7. Empire was crumbling
a. Greeks gain independence in 1830 b. by 1867 Serbia independent c. by 1870s Ottomans had been driven out from Balkans 8. Europeans helped keep Ottomans in power – because they didn’t want each other to get Ottoman possessions
B. So the Ottomans make some reforms 1. Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807) a. Wanted bold reforms b. Improved administration c. Built new army & navy d. These reforms made people angry: 1. people in the bureaucracy 2. the Janissary corps who dominated the Ottoman military ** His reforms cost him his throne – toppled by
a Janissary revolt **
Selem III
2. Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) a. Built a small professional army with help of European advisors in secret b. 1826 he tricked and killed the Janissaries and slaughtered their families and religious allies c. Implemented reforms based on Western precedents 1. Diplomatic corps & exchanged ambassadors with European powers 2. Westernization of army expanded – with western military advisors
Mahmud II
3. Abdülmecid I (1839-1861) a. Son of Mahmud II b. Tanzimat reforms (between 1839 - 1876) 1. University education was reorganized along western lines 2. Training in European sciences and mathematics was introduced 3. State run postal and telegraph systems were established in 1830s 4. Railways built in 1860s 5. Newspapers established 6. Legal reforms c. Some groups were hurt or gained little from Tanzimat reforms: 1. Artisans weakened by treaty with British that removed barriers to foreign trade 2. Women gained little
Abdülmecid I
4. 1876 constitution based on European
prototypes (Sultans still rule too)
*. Once westernized, some groups
saw sultanate as barrier to more
radical reform
5. Sultan Abdul Hamid (r. 1878-1908) a. Returned to absolutism b. Nullified the constitution c. Restricted civil liberties esp. freedom of press d. Killed/imprisoned dissidents or suspected dissidents e. Still pushed for western reforms *. Especially military – German advisors f. Railroads linked Berlin to Baghdad g. Telegraph lines built h. Western education
6. Ottoman Society for Union and Progress a. Turkish intellectuals b. Young Turks c. Want to restore the Constitution of 1876 d. Sympathy within military helped and e. Bloodless coup in 1908 – overthrew Abdul Hamid f. Fought among themselves g. Wanted to keep Ottoman Empire intact (many people, like the Arabs wanted Ottoman rule to end) h. Continued to lose territory i. WWI begins….
II. A bit about Egypt (recap and some new stuff)
A. It’s July 1798 and
1. Mamluk (slave) regime rules
Egypt as vassal of Ottoman sultans
2. Napoleon arrives
3. Defeats Mamluks in the Battle of the
Pyramids
a. French occupy Egypt
b. Mamluks are deeply shocked
B. In August 1798
1. British sink most of French fleet
in the Battle of Aboukir
2. French supply line cut – Napoleon
abandons army and creeps back to
Paris (and…well…you know that story)
3. French withdraw
C. In 1801 Muhammad Ali (young officer of Albanian origin) becomes ruler 1. Modernizes the military 2. Hires French military advisors 3. Builds fleet 4. Invades Syria 5. Encourages peasants to grow cash- crops and material in demand in Europe 6. Tries to industrialize 7. He died in 1848
Not this one… …this one.
D. His successors content to rule only Egypt and Sudanic areas 1. Rulers were called “khedives” from 1867 - 1952 2. Not strong 3. Made Egypt dependent on cotton – single crop 4. Wasted money 5. Debt and strategic importance of Suez canal led to British control (and you know that story as well!)
