AUSTRIAN-HUNGARY AND THE OTTOMAN

EMPIREChapter 24Section 3

Key Terms

Franz Joseph I Magyars Dual Monarchy Crimean War Balkan Wars Young Turks

The Austrian Empire

The Hapsburg family controlled much of the region for four centuries

Empire would not remain intact through the 1800’s

Franz I and Prince Metternich worked together to maintain Austrian power

Resistance to Change

As revolts spread through Europe Metternich clamped down on universities

Creating “a whole generation of revolutionaries”

Carlsbad Decrees Laws prohibiting any

reform that conflicted with absolute monarchy

Resistance to Change

Decrees established censorship of newspapers

Secret police spied on students

Metternich formed alliances with other European powers to try and stop revolutions

Resistance to Change

1820 Congress of Troppau

Leaders agree to provide military intervention to support governments against internal revolution

Turmoil in Europe and Austria

Revolutions in France, Italy and Germany set off revolts in Austria

People of many nationalities within Austria wanted independence

Vienna demonstrators and army clashed in the streets

Turmoil in Europe and Austria

Emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign

Metternich fled Austria

1848 Ferdinand abdicated

Franz Joseph I his nephew rose to the throne

Response to Revolution

Franz Joseph ruled an unstable empire

1848 Magyars rebelled wanted independence

Czar Nicholas I sent troops to help Austria crush the revolt

Franz Joseph abolished liberal reforms of 1848

Revoked the new constitution

Dual Monarchy

Franz Joseph could not stop the nationalist movement

Formed dual monarchy known as Austria-Hungary

Austria lost the providence of Lombardy to Italy

Forming a New Government

Franz Joseph and leader of the Hungarian nationalist movement reached an agreement

Compromise of 1867 created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Became two separate but equal states

Shared ministers of finance, war, and foreign affairs

Each had own parliament

An Uneven Solution

Dual monarchy lasted 50 years till 1918

Dual monarchy had economic advantages

Hungary was rural and more agriculture

Provide food and raw materials for Austria

Austria provided industrialized products for Hungary

An Uneven Solution

Divisions remained over nationalities

Austrian Germans and Hungarian Magyars did not speak the same language

Ethnic minorities received little benefit from dual monarchy

The Ottoman Empire

Controlled a vast multi ethnic territory for centuries

Greeks, Bulgarian, Turks, Kurds, Arabs and Jews

Empire had been in decline since 1600

Would not survive the winds of change in the 1800’s

The Eastern Question

1800’s empire could not defend itself against independence movements or external threats

1830 Greeks gained independence

Russians force Ottomans to accept Russian control in the Caucasus and self rule for Serbia

The Eastern Questions

Situation worried European rulers

What would happen if Ottoman empire collapsed?

What would happen to Constantinople?

Russia wanted to control that city for access to the sea

France and Britain propped up ottomans to prevent the Russians takeover

The Crimea

1850’s situation between Ottomans and Europeans grew worse

Dispute over the Holy Land

Gave Roman Catholics control over holy places in Palestine

Ottomans denied Orthodox Christians the same rights

The Crimea

Russians invaded Crimean territories

Great Britain saw the Russian invasion as a threat against India

Great Britain , France and the Ottomans joined to fight the Russians

The Crimea

Fought in Russia Crimea on the shores of the Black Sea

Crimean war lasted for two years

Resulted in a stalemate Approximately one half

million deaths Most deaths from disease

from crowded hospitals Florence Nightingale-

nurse who helped save lives

The Balkans

Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians and Greeks wanted to be independent

1800’s to 1900’s led to conflicts and wars

Russia involved in several of the conflicts

Saw Balkans as a route to the Mediterranean

The Balkans

Great Britain and France sometimes sided with Russians sometimes with the Ottomans

Germany and Austria wanted to secure control over ethnic groups

Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its lands

The Balkans

Russian troops at the gates of Constantinople

1878 Chancellor Bismarck hosted the Congress of Berlin

Purpose was to overturn Russian gains against the Ottomans

The Balkans

Congress of Berlin gave Austria-Hungary land with no consideration to ethnic or national ties

Conflicts will erupt for years

Political Reform

1908 Young Turks began a revolution

Fighting against absolute power of the sultan

Mainly educated men

Young Turks devoted to restoring the constitution

Political Reform

Helped ensure More

representative government

Liberal government Education

improved Government took

steps to provide some individual liberties