Chapter 24 Section 1 and 2Pages 713-722

Italian & German Unification

Bonds of a Nation-State

Bond Definition US example

Nationality

Language

Culture

History

Religion

Territory

Nationalism

What is nationalism? The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a

nation of people who share a common culture & history

Nationalism that unifies culturally similar lands and people

Nationalism that separates culturally different lands and people

Italy

Middle Ages: competing city-states

1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?

Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces

1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?

2. Metternich believed wanted to maintain old Europe (pre-Napoleon)

Congress of Vienna ignored national groups, placing groups under the control of large empires with different ethnicities

Italy is split into 3 separate groups

1.Northern Italy was under Austrian rule

2.Other parts under French Rule

3.Another part under Hapsburgs Rule

Key Events

Early 1860: unification of N Italy

Late 1860: unification of N & S

1866: Venice added

1870: Rome added

The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)

Giuseppe Mazzini was a popular writer whose goal was to unite ItalyLaunched a group call Young ItalyWas exiled for his outspoken nationalismSmuggled patriotic pamphlets into ItalyBelieve that Europe need to redraw the

linesAttracted tens of thousands to Italian

Unification cause

The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)

The Duties of Man:

“O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…”

The Idealist Patriot

Uprising and Revolutions

Mazzini had help Italians realize their destiny Nationalist inspired revolutions began to pop up on Italy

Northern State of Piedmont declared war on Austria Lost after 1 year with Piedmont defeats Northern States are not liberated from Austrian Empire

Revolutionaries seized Rome Set up a Republic that Mazzini and 2 others governed French troops would help the pope regain control

Sardinia was the only successful revolt Revolutionaries forced rulers of Sardinia to adopt a new

constitution and remain independent

Revolutionary failures do not weaken Nationalist movement

The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)

Cavour express nationalist movement is still strong enough t0 unite Italy even with difference

Goal is to unite ItalyBecomes Prime

Minister of Sardinia Builds Sardinia Economy Believes that all of Italy’s

Economy must thrive Achieves in gaining a

power ally in FranceNoble Statesman in

Sardinian Government, 1850-1861

The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)

Supports France in war with Russia. In return France gives

Sardinia providence of Savoy and Nice

France also will support Sardinia in a war with Austria.

By 1860 the Northern Italian States w/o Venetia were liberated from Austrian control and united

The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)

Goal was to Unify ItalyLived in exile in S. America

were he learn Guerilla warfare

Helped in defeating Austria in North Unification

Led RED SHIRTS, his army of 1000 soldiers towards the South and the Kingdom of the 2 Sicily

Conquered island of Sicily then head towards Naples

Military Leader

The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)

The North and South are conquered and united

Only Venetia and Papal States not unified… Austria controls Venetia Austria and Prussia go to war Italians side with Prussia Prussians win and give

Italians Venetia France and Prussia go to war France pulls out of

Rome(Papal States) Unification is complete.

Government:Government: Divisions between:Divisions between:

parliamentary monarchy (King Victor Emmanuel)

Limited suffrage (most adult males)

Limited working hoursNo Child LaborImproved cities and

industry

social classes (rich/poor) New taxes led to

poverty/unemployment huge numbers emigrating

to America (4.5M)

regions (N/S) South resented being ruled

by Rome Catholic Church would not

let Catholics vote out of resentment

5. What did the new, unified Italy look like?

GROG 24.1Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic

organizer by listing causes and effects of Italian unification and by indicating which effects were positive and which

were negative5 Points

Germany(1871)

Bell Ringer 24.2

Monarchy – 1 ruler to make decisions

Republic- public votes

Suppose you are Giuseppe Garibaldi. Write a letter to Camillo di Cavour, explaining why you believe a unified Italy would be better off as a republic than a monarchy (5 Points)

Entities:

Holy Roman Empire

loose affiliation of ≈300 German states

German Confederation

loose affiliation of 39 German states

1815-1866

replaced HRE

purpose: military defense

All have common language and culture

People: Frederick William IVSteps towards unification

King of Prussia (r. 1840-1861)

1848: revolution Agrees new liberal

constitution Agrees Prussian-led German

unification Promises reforms to increase

individual rights

The people are ready to unite Once all had settled down he

went back on his promises

ZollvereinSteps towards unification

German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑ economy Allowed for removal of

tariffs amongst German States

Business people would want unification

Railroads to connects states

Prussia = leaderincluded all German

states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓ tariffs

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian Prime Minister (r. 1861-1888)

Philosophy Practiced REALPOLITIK practical government not

idealistic Practical goals not make

believe Conservative who did not

believe in revolutions

believed it was Prussia’s destiny to unite Germany

Otto von Bismarck

led German unification Increased size of military Unification could not be

done with speeches but with “Blood and Iron” War and Industry

Parliament will not agree to raise taxes to fund this Bismarck dismisses

Parliament and collects taxes on his own

Builds Prussian Army into great war machine to unite Germany

Bismarck's 1st War

Prussia believes that Schleswig and Holstein should be controlled by German Confederation Disagreement over control of Schleswig and Holstein was a way to Start a war with Denmark Prussia forms and alliance with Austria to defeat Denmark

Prussia would control SchleswigAustria would control Holstein

Do you see an issue with this?

Austria

Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs

Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt Austria refuses Zollverein membership Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Bismarck lays the ground work for war

Bismarck met with the Italian minister If Italy support Prussia in war with Austria that Italy

could have Venetia

Bismarck meets with Napoleon III (France) France will remain neutral if war breaks out

Bismarck provokes Austria into war by putting troops in Holstein Austria declares war on Prussia Prussia blames Austria for starting war Uses nationalism for support of war

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Outcome: Prussian victory Austria withdraws ***creation of

North German Confederation***

Only 3 southern states remained un-unified

North German Confederation

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Cause: drive south German states

to unify with the north France = common enemy Alsace and Lorraine

Mostly Germans controlled by France

Outcome: Prussian victory ***German unification

achieved*** German nationalism

German Empire / “Second Reich” (1871-1918)

What did the new, unified Germany look like?

25 statesparliamentary monarchystrong national government:

Power shared between states and Federal Government (US)

emperor (Kaiser) Wilhelm I Chancellor Bismarck 2-house parliament

Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage) Men over age of 25 (reality is there were many restrictions)

Germany would become a new powerful empire

ChurchChurch EconomicsEconomicsBismarck passed laws

limiting the catholic churches power and influence (HRE)

Kulturekampf Struggle for culture

France paid Germany reparations for Franco-Prussian War

Germany used money to build railroads to link states

Germany quickly caught up with Europe in Industrialization

Ch Ch Ch Changes

Social Reforms

Industry has its critics

Socialist believe Industry have harsh conditions

State should control Industry

Socialist are blamed for 2 attempts of assassination on emperor

Bismarck will try to destroy socialism

Sought to destroy it appeal to German people by enacting its his reforms

He pushed legislation to provide benefits for health, accidents, old age, and disability

Bismarck and Wilhelm II

Bismarck was not interested in furthering Germany’s border

He see France as a continued threat Bismarck would secure alliances with Austria-Hungry,

Italy and Russia to protect each other from attack

Wilhelm I grandson, Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser After a disagreement Wilhelm II will fire Bismarck

Wilhelm II will continue to make alliances and build up the most powerful military forces in Europe

Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by listing causes and effects of

German unification

GROG 24.2 5 Points

CHAPTER 24 SEC 3PAGES 723-272

Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

Bell Ringer 24.3 5 Points

Imagine you are a reporter and are about to interview Otto von Bismarck. Write three short questions you will ask him about German unification and answer them how you feel that he would answer them.

At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain intact through the remainder of the 1800s.

• Austrian emperor, Foreign Minister Metternich tried to maintain power of monarchy, empire

• Metternich accused universities of creating revolutionaries

Resistance to Change

• Metternich called meeting of Confederation, passed Carlsbad Decrees

• Prohibited any reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy

Carlsbad Decrees

• Decrees established censorship of newspapers

• Created secret police to spy on students suspected of revolutionary activities

Other Prohibitions

The Austrian Empire

Resistance to Change

Metternich not only created restrictive laws for empire

Formed alliances with other European powers trying to prevent nationalist revolutions

Congress of Troppau, 1820 Called by Metternich, leaders of other powers Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to

support governments against internal revolution

Revolution

• Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna

• Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign

• Metternich fled Austria

• 1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I

Turmoil in Europe, Austria

• Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years

• Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him

• Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian Empire; people with different nationalities wanted independence

Resistance to Change

During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire

1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule

Almost won independence Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help

Austria crush revoltFranz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but

could not stamp out nationalismRevoked new constitution, stopped revolution

temporarily

Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement. Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.

• As nationalist movement continued in Europe, Austria lost Lombardy to Italy, 1859

• 1866, Austria’s defeat by Prussia brought new demands from Hungarians

• Franz Josef I, Hungarian nationalist movement leaders reached agreement, Compromise of 1867

Forming a New Government

• Created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary

• Austria, Hungary became two separate, equal states with one ruler, Franz Josef I

• Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria, king of Hungary

• Each had own parliament, shared ministries of war, finance, foreign affairs

Compromise of 1867

The Dual Monarchy

• Unrest in empire did not go away; divisions remained among various nationalities

• Austrian Germans, Hungarian Magyars did not speak same language

• Ethnic minorities received little benefit from Dual Monarchy, continued to seek self-government

Unrest

• Dual Monarchy lasted about 50 years, until 1918

• Eased pressure for nationalism; also had economic advantages

• Rural, agricultural Hungary could provide raw materials, food

• Industrialized Austria could provide industrial products

Rural and Industrial

An Uneven Solution

Multi Ethnic Groups= Many nationalisms

• Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast multiethnic territory

• Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews

• Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s

• Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could not defend self against independence movement, external threats

• 1830, Greece had gained independence; Russia controlled Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled

Empire in Decline• Situation created “Eastern

Question”—what would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed?

• Russia wanted Constantinople, access to Mediterranean

• French, British aided Ottoman Empire, held Russia off

The Eastern Question

The Ottoman Empire

Holy Land

• Ottomans, Europeans had dispute over Holy Land

• Ottomans gave Roman Catholics control of Palestine holy places

Great Britain, France

• Great Britain saw Russia as potential threat to India interest

• Allied with France

• Both joined Ottoman Empire in war against Russia

Russian Invasion

• Ottomans denied Orthodox Christians same rights

• Russians invaded Ottoman territories

Stalemate

• Crimean War ended in stalemate, caused half million deaths

• Nurse Florence Nightingale saved many lives threatened by disease and over crowding in field hospitals during war

The Crimea- Dispute over the Holy Land

Falling Apart

Hot Spot

• Balkans another hot spot in Ottoman Empire

• Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence

Route to Mediterranean

• Russians saw Balkans/Constantinople as route to Mediterranean, wanted to gain

• Great Britain, France looking out for own interests, sometimes sided with Russia, sometimes sided with Ottomans

Conflicts and Wars

• Rising nationalism, competing interests of European countries led to series of conflicts, wars in 1800s, early 1900s

• Russia involved in several conflicts in Balkans

The Balkans

Balkan Wars

• Germany, Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over ethnic groups

• At end, Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe

• Balkan issues far from settled

Congress of Berlin

• Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans

• Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic, national ties; led to conflicts for years to come

Constantinople

• With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers became alarmed

• 1878, Prussia hosted Congress of Berlin to discuss situation

National Ties

• Young Turks devoted to restoring constitution

• Revolution helped ensure more representative, liberal government

• Education improved, government took steps to provide individual liberties

Representative Government

• 1908, nationalist group Young Turks began revolution

• Young Turks fighting against absolute power of sultan, ruler of Ottoman Empire

Conflict

Political Reform

Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4

COLOR TRANSPARENCY 134: EUROPE, 1803 AND 1914

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4

NOTE TAKING TRANSPARENCY 141

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Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by identifying the effects of nationalism in Austria, Hungary, and

the Ottoman Empire. (5 Points)

CHAPTER 24 SEC 4PAGES 728-732

Unrest in Russia

YOU BELONG TO A MINORITY ETHNIC GROUP IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. WRITE A LETTER TO EMPEROR FRANZ JOSEPH I OUTLINING WHY YOUR GROUP SHOULD HAVE INDEPENDENCE. USE DETAILS FROM THE CHAPTER IN YOUR

NOTES. (5 POINTS)

Bell Ringer 24.4

Reading Focus

• What was government and society like in Russia in the first half of the 1800s?

• What were some examples of reform and repression in Russia?

• How did war and revolution affect Russia in the early 1900s?

Main Idea

In the 1800s and early 1900s, Russians rebelled against the absolute power of the czar and demanded social reforms.

Unrest in Russia

• To govern large, diverse empire, Russian monarchs ruled with absolute power

• Called czars, controlled most aspects of Russian life

• Believed in autocracy, government by one leader with unlimited powers

Absolute Power

• Russia one of great powers of Europe, first half 1800s

• Troops helped defeat Napoleon; leaders helped reorganize Europe after his fall

• Russia very different from other European powers

• Empire huge, stretched eastward far into Asia, included many different ethnic groups

Huge Empire

Government and Society

Agricultural Society

• Russian society under czars mostly agricultural

• Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized

• Much of population, serfs—workers considered part of land they worked

Societal Problem

• Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords

• Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms

• Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society

Serfs

• Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land

• Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery

• Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked

Serfdom

GAMBLING WITH THE LIVES OF SERFS

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Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia’s conservative czars were resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression.

• Secret societies formed to fight against czar’s rule

• Saw opportunity for change with death of Alexander I, 1825

• One group called Decembrists

– Included military officers

– 3,000 soldiers assembled near Winter Palace

– Refused to declare allegiance to new czar, Nicholas I

The Decembrist Revolt• Nicholas responded by crushing

rebellion

• Many Decembrists captured, sent to Siberia, isolated region in far eastern Russia

• Five Decembrists executed

• Decembrist revolt failed, but began revolutionary movement in Russia destined to grow in years ahead

Nicholas’s Response

Reform and Repression

Russia Lagging Behind

• Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855, near end of Crimean War

• Loss of war showed Russia far behind rest of Europe

• Did not have modern technology, industry to build competitive military

Economy

• Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would build market economy

• Government set up system for peasants to buy land they worked on from landowner, usually with government help

Reforms

• Alexander II began program of reforms

• 1861, freed Russia’s serfs, gave them right to own land as part of commune

• Believed terrible living conditions could bring rebellion

Reforms of Alexander II

Reform and Repression

Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia

Set up new judicial system

Allowed some local self-government

Reorganized army, navy

Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to gain strength, call for more changes

1881, radical group, The People’s Will, assassinated Czar Alexander II

• Alexander’s son, Alexander III, became next czar

• Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to way things were in past, ended father’s reforms

• Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals, groups suspected of plotting against government

• Mobs began attacking Jews, killing them, destroying property

• Attacks known as pogroms; first wave began after Alexander II assassinated

• Some wrongly blamed Jews

• Government did not stop attacks

Different Form of Unrest

• 1894, Nicholas II crowned

• Autocratic ruler, developed industry

• 1890s, Russia began building Trans-Siberian Railroad to link western Russia with Siberia

• Expansion east would lead to war

Industrialization under Nicholas

Unrest Under Alexander II

Expansion East• Russia expanded east

• Came into conflict with another imperial power—Japan

• At same time, revolution brewing

Growing Unrest• Defeat shocked many

Russians, added to unrest revolution movements would not weaken

• One group calling for change, Marxists—followed communist theories of Karl Marx

War With Japan • Early 1900s, Japan building

empire, viewed Russia as threat

• 1904, Japanese forces attacked, defeated Russia in Russo-Japanese War

Marxist Ideas• Wanted to create socialist

republic—no private property, state to own, distribute goods

• 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for revolution to overthrow czar

War and Revolution

Revolution Begins

• Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against czar; rebellions broke out, czar’s strict rules disobeyed

• Workers went on strike, students protested in streets

• Czar promised reform, but did not follow through

• Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets

The Revolution of 1905

• 1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar

• January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar at Winter Palace, listing number of demands

• Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday

In response to the Russian Revolution of 1905 and strikes, Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, an official promise for reform and a more democratic government, but would not give up all of his absolute power.

• Manifesto promised constitution

• Individual liberties to all, including freedom of speech, assembly

• Many gained right to vote

Provisions

• Voters would elect representatives to the Duma, assembly to approve all laws

• Czar continue to rule, but not pass laws without approval of Duma

Duma

• Nicholas II hoped Manifesto would end revolution

• Did not achieve balance between own power, democracy

• People still wanted reform

End Revolution

The October Manifesto

USING YOUR NOTES, FILL IN THE INTERACTIVE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER BY

RANKING THREE MAJOR PROBLEMS FACING RUSSIAN SOCIETY IN THE LATE 1800S AND

EARLY 1900S.

GROG 24.4