Chapter 23War & Revolution

Section 1WWI: Causes & the Early Years

Causes of the War

• Imperialism & Nationalism o Triple Alliance (Central Powers)o Triple Entente (Allied Powers)

• Internal Dissento socialist parties & groups

• Militarism o War Plans!

Outbreak of War: Assassination

• problems in the Balkans

• Bosnia, Sarajevo

• Archduke Francis Ferdinand

• The Black Hando Gavrilo Princip

Austria-Hungary & Russia

• A-H: "itchin' for a fight"o Germany's Blank Check

William II

• Russian Responseo MIlitary Plans: FOLLOW DIRECTIONS!!

Step one: Invade A-H Step two: Invade Germany

Germany: Schlieffen Plan

• German 2-Front War Plano France & Russia o FOLLOW THE PLAN!!o Britain's entry

1914-1915: Illusion & Stalemate

• The Excitement of War o Nationalismo "be proud that you live in such a time and in such a

nation...that you have the privilege of sending those you love into so glorious a battle"

• Plans for a short war

War in West

• Schlieffen Plan: A gamble o flawed from the beginning

• Battle of Marne o 20 miles from Pariso start of trench warfare

War in the East

• Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes o crushing Russian defeats

General Paul von Hindenburg General Erich Ludendorff

• The Austrians o fared less well than Germanso Battle of Galcia

almost knocks Russia out of the war

1916-1917: The Great Slaughter

• Trench Warfareo barbed wire o machine gun nests, heavy artillery o "no man's land"

• Confusing tactics o softening' them up o full frontal assault

• German assault at Verdun

Daily Life in the trenches

• persistent presence of death o the stench of decomposing bodies and swarms of

rats growing fat

• Rotationo one week trencho one week reserveo two weeks other

repeat

• "Live & Let Live System"o code of war

The Widening of the War • stalemate forces looking for an advantage

• Ottoman Empireo Central Powers

• Italyo switch sides, Central -> Alliedo looking for land

• Global Conflicto Middle East: Lawrence of Arabiao Africa:

no German colonies o Asia

Japan

Entry of the United States

• Attempts at neutrality

• Battle of Jutlando Britain naval dominanceo Unrestricted Submarine

Warfare

• Lusitania o British passenger shipo 100 Americans killed

• No fear of Americans o "disorganized & undisciplined"o US joins April 1917

New Kind of Warfare

• Zeppelino giant airship

• Airplane

• Tankso introduced in 1916o British Mark Vo set stage for WWII

• Chemical Warfareo used to demoralize, injure and killo mustard gas & phosgene chlorine

deaths limited gas masks

• Machine Gunso easy targets

Section 2The Russian Revolution

Background to Revolution • Unprepared for war

o Incompetent leaders: Czar Nicholas IIo Unprepared industry o results = severe casualties

• Beginnings of upheavalo Grigory Rasputin o influential o assassination

The March Revolution (1917)

• Women's strike in Petrogrado "Peace and Bread" o "Down with the autocracy"

• Send in the troops (and shoot in needed)o army joins in instead of fighting against

• Duma o creates the Provisional governmento end of Nicholas and Romanov Dynasty

Provisional Government

• Aleksandr Kerensky o mistake: carrying on the war

• Sovietso councils of workers, soldiers and peasants

strongest: Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks seize power

• Bolshevikso Vladimir Lenin o dedicated to violent revolution

• Lenin and Bolsheviks o seize power from provisional government

came from Germanyo Promises: (4) o Slogans: (3)

The Bolsheviks seize power

• November 6: Winter Palace

• all-Russian Congress of Soviets o Lenin directs power

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germanyo peace with a cost o Gave up lots of land

Poland, Ukraine, Finland and Baltic provinces temporary: rise of Socialist parties

Civil War in Russia

• Red v. White o Whites:

opposed Bolsheviks/Communists Allied support Siberia

o Fate of the Czar and his family

Triumph of Communists

• well-disciplined fighting force

• disunity of White Army o no clear goal

• War communism

• Terroro Cheka

• Patriotismo fear the invade

Section 3The Peace Settlement

Impact of Total War

• Total Waro civilians + soldiers

• Increase in Governmental Powerso long term m planningo conscription/drafto planned economies o "who remain to till the soil and man the factories are

no less a part of the army than the men beneath the battle flags"

Manipulation of Public Opinion

• By force

• DORA (Defense of Realm Act)o limit speech

• Propaganda

The Last Year of the War

• Impact of Russian Withdrawal o Germany: renewed hopeo Grand Offensive: March to Julyo Second Battle of Marne

the gamble fails

• September 1918o Ludendorff "all is lost, sue for peace" o Allies: no peace with autocratic government

11/9: William II resigns 11/11/18: armistice agreed upon

• Casualties of War: "lost generation" o 8 to 9 million die on the battlefield o 22 million wounded

Decline of Austria-Hungary

• ethnic minorities seek independence

Peace Aims

• Woodrow Wilson "14 Points" o open covenantso reduction of national armamentso self-determinationo lasting peace

• Threats to Liberty: Absolutism & Militarism o need for a League of Nations

• Stumbling Blockso France & GB: Germany must PAY!!!!

• Big 4: o Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Italy

Treaty of Versailles (Blame Germany)

• Harsh peace to Germans (don't think about treaty you signed with Russia)

• War Guilt Clause

• Reparations

• Territory losso Alsace & Lorraine o demilitarized zone

Other Peace Treaties

• Redrawing map of Eastern Europe

• Russia & Germany lose land

• A-H is no more

• Collapse of Ottoman Empireo British and French Mandates

• League of nationso no teeth