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Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3 Ear Injuries Cauliflower ear Swimmer’s ear Foreign bodies Tympanic rupture
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Chapter 23:
The Head and Face
Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2
Eye Injuries
Specks in the eyes Contusions Cuts, punctures, and abrasions Blow-out fracture Hyphema Conjunctivitis
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Ear Injuries
Cauliflower ear Swimmer’s ear Foreign bodies Tympanic rupture
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Nose Injuries
Epistaxis Nasal fractures Septal deviations
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Mouth and Jaw Injuries
Fractures Temporomandibular joint injury Injuries to teeth
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Grading Concussions
Inappropriate care of concussions can have serious consequences.
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Glasgow Coma Scale
Observations are rated numerically. Higher scores indicate more responsiveness.
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Motor Response
Follows simple commands 6 Localizes pain 5 Withdraws from pain 4 Abnormal flexion 3 Abnormal extension 2 No response 1
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Eye-Opening
Opens eyes on own 4 Opens eyes when asked loudly
3 Opens eyes in response to pain
2 No response
1
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Verbal Response (Talking)
Correct place, self, month, year5
Confused or disoriented 4 Uses words but makes no sense
3 Makes unknown sounds 2 No response
1
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AVPU Scale
A method to determine the level of consciousness
Alert Verbal – responds to verbal
command Pain – responds to painful stimulus Unresponsive
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Cantu, Colorado, American Academy of
Neurologists (AAN) Three concussion grading systems,
all commonly used
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Grade 1 Cantu
– No loss of consciousness (LOC)– Posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) or
postconcussion signs clear < 30 sec. Colorado
– Transient mental confusion– No PTA and no (LOC)
AAN– No LOC, transient confusion– Symptoms clear in < 15 minutes
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Cantu– LOC lasting < 1 min. and PTA or– Postconcussion signs > 30 min. and
< 24 hrs. Colorado
– No LOC– Confusion with PTA
AAN– No LOC– Symptoms lasting > 15 minutes
Grade 2
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Grade 3
Cantu– LOC more than 1 min. or PTA > 24
hrs or– Postconcussion signs lasting > 7 days
Colorado– Any LOC
AAN– Any LOC
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Brain Injuries
Brain effects constitute the most serious threats to athletes with head injuries.
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Subdural Hematoma
A subdural hematoma is usually the result of the tearing of small veins under the dura mater.
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Epidural Hematoma
Epidural hematomas are often associated with a skull fracture and arterial injury.
