Chapter 23, part 1

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fundamentals of

Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION

Frederic H

. Martini

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Chapter 23, part 1

The Respiratory System


SECTION 23-1 The Respiratory System: An Introduction


Learning Objectives

• Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system

• Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their functions

• Define and compare the processes of external and internal respiration


Learning Objectives

• Summarize the physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases into the blood

• Explain the important structural features of the respiratory membrane

• Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported and released in the blood


• Gas exchange between air and circulating blood

• Moving air from the exchange surface of the lungs

• Protection of respiratory surfaces

• Production of sound

• Provision for olfactory sensations

Functions of the respiratory system


• Upper respiratory system

• Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

• Lower respiratory system

• Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Organization of the respiratory system

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.1

Figure 23.1 The Components of the Respiratory System


• Conducting passageways carrying air to and from the alveoli

• Upper respiratory passages filter and humidify incoming air

• Lower passageways include delicate conduction passages and alveolar exchange surfaces

The Respiratory tract


• Respiratory epithelium and underlying connective tissue

• Respiratory membrane, supported by lamina propria, changes along tract

• Lines conducting portion of respiratory tract

• Protected from contamination by respiratory defense system

Respiratory Mucosa

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.2

Figure 23.2 The Respiratory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity and Conducting System


SECTION 23-2 The Upper Respiratory System


• External nares

• Nasal cavity

• Vestibule

• Superior, middle and inferior meatuses

• Hard and soft palates

• Internal nares

• Nasal mucosa

The nose and nasal cavity consists of:

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3a, b

Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3c

Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx


• Shared by the digestive and respiratory systems

• Divided into three sections:

• Nasopharynx – superior portion

• Oropharynx – continuous with the oral cavity

• Laryngopharynx – between the hyoid bone and the esophagus

The pharynx


SECTION 23-3 The Larynx


• Air passes through the glottis on the way to the lungs

• Larynx protects the glottis

• Cartilages of the larynx

• Three large cartilages

• Thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis

• Paired cartilages

• Arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiform

The larynx


• Inelastic vestibular folds

• Delicate vocal folds

Folds of the larynx


Figure 23.4 The Anatomy of the Larynx

Figure 23.4


• Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds producing sound waves

• Pitch depends on conditions of vocal folds

• Diameter

• Length

• Tension

Sound production


Figure 23.5 The Glottis

Figure 23.5a, b


• Muscles of the neck and pharynx position and stabilize the larynx

• When swallowing,these muscles

• Elevate the larynx

• Bend the epiglottis over the glottis

• Intrinsic muscles control tension on the vocal folds and open the glottis

The laryngeal musculature


SECTION 23-4The Trachea and Primary Bronchi


• Extends from the sixth cervical vertebra to the fifth thoracic vertebra

• A tough, flexible tube running from the larynx to the bronchi

• Held open by C-shaped tracheal cartilages in submucosa

• Mucosa is similar to the nasopharynx

The trachea


Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea

Figure 23.6a, b


Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea

Figure 23.6c


• Trachea branches in the mediastinum into right and left bronchi

• Bronchi enter the lungs at the hilus

• Root = the connective tissue mass including:

• Bronchus

• Pulmonary vessels

• Nerves

The primary bronchi

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Chapter 23, part 1