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Chapter 23
Medicines and Drugs
Lesson 1
The Role of Medicines
Classifications of Medicines• Medicines
– Drugs that are used to treat or prevent disease or other conditions
• Drugs– Substances other than food that change the structure
or function of the body or mind• Medicines can be sorted into four broad
categories– Help prevent disease– Fight pathogens, or infectious agents that cause
disease– Relieve pain– Help maintain or restore health and regulate the
body’s system
Medicines that Prevent Disease
• Vaccines– A preparation introduced into the body to
stimulate an immune response– Contain weakened or dead pathogens that
stimulate your body to produce specific antibodies against those pathogens
• Antitoxins– Extracts of blood fluids that contain antibodies
and act more quickly than vaccines
Medicines that Fight Pathogens
• Antibodies are a class of chemical agents that destroy disease causing microorganisms while leaving the patient unharmed
• Work by killing harmful bacteria in the body or by preventing bacteria from reproducing
Antivirals and Antifungals
• Antibiotics have no effect on viruses
• Antivirals have been developed to treat some viral illnesses– Althetes foot and ringworm
Medicines that Relieve Pain
• Analgesics or pain relievers
• Range from mild (aspirin) to strong narcotics (opium based, morphine and codeine
• Aspirin can be dangerous = cause dizziness and ringing of the ears, can also irritate the stomach
• Ibuprofen
Medicines that Promote Health
• Allergy Medicines
• Body Regulating Medicines
• Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Medicines
• Cancer Treatment Medicines
Medicines and the Body
• Every person is different• Side Effects – reactions to medicine other than
the one intended• Additive Interaction
– Medicines work together in a positive way• Synergistic Effect
– Two or more medicines work to a greater effect than when they are taken separately
• Antagonist Interaction– When one medicine is canceled or reduced when
taken with another medicine
Other Problems
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal
Medicine Safety
• Laws and policies for testing and approving new medicines
• Prescription Medicines– Written approval
• Over-the-Counter Medicines– Can buy without a prescription
Medicine Misuse
• Serious health consequences• Giving a prescription medicine to a person for
whom it was not prescribed or taking another person’s medicine
• Taking too much or too little of a medicine or taking a medicine for a longer or shorter period than prescribed
• Discontinuing use of a medicine without informing the health care professional
• Mixing medicines
Lesson 2
Drug Use – A High-Risk Behavior
What is Substance Abuse?
• Substance abuse – any unnecessary or improper chemical substances for nonmedical purposes– Overuse, multiple use of a drug, use of an illegal drug,
and use of a drug in combination with alcohol or other drugs.
• Illegal drugs – chemical substances that people of any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy or sell.
• Illicit drug use – the use or sale of any substance that is illegal or otherwise not permitted
Factors That Influence Decisions About Drugs
• Peer Pressure
• Family Members
• Role Models
• Media Messages
• Perceptions
The Health Risks of Drug Use• Physical health
– Harm a user’s brain, heart, lungs and other vital organs– Overdose: a strong, sometimes fatal reaction to taking a large
amount of a drug• Mental health
– Cloud reasoning and thinking, users lose control of their behavior
– Ecstasy alters the brain’s structure and function (speeds up the nervous system) Figure 23.2
• Social health– “just experimenting” can say or do things that will regret later– Negative effect on relationships with friends and family– Expelled from school, often has legal consequences
Understanding the Addiction Cycle• The side effects can range from nausea and
headaches to a loss of consciousness and even death
• What may begin as a seemingly harmless pastime results in serious consequences
• Tolerance – needs more to feel the effect• Psychological dependence – person believes
that a drug is needed in order to feel good or to function normally
• Physiological dependence – a user has a chemical need for the drug
• Addiction – physiological or psychological dependence on a drug
Other Consequences of Drug Use• Individual
– All aspects of a persons health, legal issues• Family and Friends
– Lose interest in healthy activities and have little time for friends and family
– Family members have a responsibility to be aware of the warning signs and encourage them to seek help
• Babies and Children– Can be passed to the unborn baby, causing birth defects, behavioral
problems or an addiction• Costs to Society
– Drug related crime and violence– Lose $160 billion a year : lost work hours and productivity, drug related
illness, jail time, accidents and death, health costs and legal fees , law enforcement and insurance costs from drug related damages, injuries and deaths
Lesson 3
Marijuana, Inhalants and Steriods
Marijuana
• A plant whose leaves, buds and flowers are smoked for their intoxicating effects
• One of the most widely used illegal drugs• Also known as pot, weed, or grass• Often the first drug teens experiment with• All forms are mind altering and can
damage the user’s health• When combined with other drugs it can be
deadly
Marijuana and Addiction
• Raises levels of brain chemical called dopamine• Dopamine: produces a pleasurable feeling• Letdown or “crash” is when the pleasure
sensation stops• Contains more cancer-causing chemicals than
tobacco smoke and carries the same health risks as smoking tobacco
• Interferes with the immune system, user becomes more susceptible to infections
• Figure 23.3
Risks to Mental/Emotional Health
• Experience slow mental reflexes and suffer sudden feelings of anxiety and paranoia
• Paranoia: an irrational suspiciousness or distrust of others
• Dizzy, trouble walking, difficulty remembering• Short-term memory is adversely affected • Distorted perception, loss of coordination,
trouble with thinking and problem solving
Risks to Growth and Development
• Risks to the Reproductive Organs– Males: regular use interferes with sperm
production and lowers levels of testosterone, the hormone responsible for the development of adult male characteristics
– Females: increases testosterone levels, unwanted facial hair, lead to infertility
Risks and Consequences of Driving Under the Influence
• Interferes with depth perception, impairs judgment, and slows reflexes
• Penalties and legal consequences for driving while under the influence of marijuana are strict– Suspension of a driver’s license, a fine, and
often jail time– Insurance will increase when license is
restored
Inhalants
• Substances whose fumes are sniffed and inhaled to achieve a mind-altering effect
• Most go immediately to the brain, causing damage and actually killing brain cells that will never be replaced.
• Include– Solvents and aerosols such as glues, spray paints,
gasoline and varnishes• All inhalants are extremely dangerous and many
are labeled as poisons• Cause permanent nervous system and brain
damage
Inhalants cont.,
• Most inhalants depress the central nervous system and produce effects that include a glassy stare, slurred speech and impaired judgment
• Can cause sudden death by increasing heart rate that results in cardiac arrest or death by suffocation
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
• Synthetic substances that are similar to the male sex hormone testosterone
• Anabolic refers to muscle building • Androgenic refers to increased male
characteristics • When using under a doctors guidance , they
help build muscle in patients with chronic diseases
• Can cause mood swings, impaired judgment resulting from feelings of invincibility, and paranoia
Legal and Social Consequences of Steroid Use
• All steroid use other than that prescribed by a licensed physician is illegal and dangerous
• Steroids can increased muscle strength but the associated tendons and ligaments do not
• Injuries that take a long time to heal • Can lead to other illegal, addictive drug use due
to the side effects of steroids• Illegal for all ages in the US• Risk of exposure to disease causing bacteria
and viruses
Lesson 4
Psychoactive Drugs
Classification of Psychoactive Drugs
• Chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain
• Change the functioning of the CNS
• There are four main groups
• Stimulants, depressants, narcotics and hallucinogens
Stimulants
• Cocaine
• Crack
• Amphetamines
• Methamphetamine
Depressants
• Barbiturates
• Tranquilizers
• Rohypnol
• GHB
Narcotics
• Opium
• Morphine
• Heroin
• Codeine
Hallucinogens
• PCP
• LSDEcstasy
• Ketamine
Health Risks of Stimulants
• Stimulants are drugs that speed up the central nervous system
• Foods that contain a small amount of a stimulant called caffeine are coffee, cola and tea
• Nicotine in tobacco products is also a stimulant• Some are used for medication to treat
hyperactivity• Most dangerous of the illegal stimulants is
cocaine, amphetamine and methamphetamine
Cocaine
• Rapid-acting, powerful, highly addictive • Interrupts normal functioning of the central nervous
system• Illegal everywhere• White powder extracted from the leaves of the coca plant• Experience a surge of self-confidence and euphoria, a
feeling of intense well-being or elation• Regular use can lead to depression, fatigue, paranoia,
and physiological dependence• Overuse can lead to cardiac arrest, respiratory failure,
seizures and death
Crack
• More dangerous form of cocaine• Aka crack cocaine, rock or freebase rock• One of the most deadly drugs available • Pure form of cocaine that reaches the brain
seconds after being smoked or injected• Causes heart rate and blood pressure to soar to
dangerous levels • Death may result from cardiac or respiratory
failure• Mixing with alcohol can cause death due to liver
failure
Amphetamines
• Used in prescription medicines to reduce fatigue and drowsiness or to suppress the appetite
• Used illegally to stay awake, alert, to improve athletic performance, or to lose weight
• Easily develop a tolerance and therefore user can ingest more of the substance
• Twitching, irregular heartbeat, paranoia and heart and blood vessel damage
Methamphetamine
• Meth• used in treating certain diseases, including
Parkinson’s disease and obesity• White, odorless powder that easily dissolves in
alcohol or water• “Club Drug” • Short term feeling of euphoria• Results in depression, paranoia, damage to
CNS, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and damage to brain cells
• Also cause death
Health Risks of Depressants
• Sedatives• Drugs that tend to slow down the central
nervous system• Relax muscles, relieve feelings of tension and
worry and cause drowsiness• Dangerous because they slow the heart rate,
lower blood pressure, and interrupt the normal rate of breathing
• Most common: alcohol, also includes, barbiturate and tranquilizers, rohypnol and GHB
• Cause a synergistic effect
Barbiturates
• Sedative-hypnotic drug• Drugs that induce sleepiness• Mood changes, sleeping more than normal
and coma• Rarely used for medical reasons• Used illegally to produce a feeling of
intoxication and to counteract the effects of stimulants
• Combining with alcohol can be fatal
Tranquilizers
• Depressants that reduce muscular activity, coordination, and attention span
• Relieve anxiety, muscle spasms, sleeplessness, and nervousness
• Overuse can lead to physiological and psychological dependance
Rohypnol
• Club Drug
• Date rape drug
• Tablet form and looks like ordinary aspirin
• Dissolves in carbonated beverages
• The victim will wake up much later with no recollection of what may have happened
GHB
• Gammahydroxy Butyric Acid
• Has been used in date rape crimes
• Clear liquid, a white powder, variety of tablets and capsules
• Leaves the blood relatively quickly making it hard to tell if there is an overdose
Narcotics
• Specific drugs derived from the opium plant that are obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain
• Morphine, OxyContin, and Codeine• Morphine and codeine relieve pain by blocking
pain messengers in the brain• Cause euphoria, drowsiness, constipation,
pinpoint pupils, slow and shallow breathing, convulsions, coma and death
• Very addictive, pharmacists are required to keep records of all sales
Heroin
• Highly addictive narcotic
• Processed form of morphine that is injected, snorted or smoked
• Depresses the CNS and slows breathing and pulse rate
• Can cause infection of the heart lining and valves, as well as liver disease
• Easily develop tolerance
Hallucinogens• Drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense
perceptions including vision, hearing, smell and touch
• No medical use• PCP, LSD, Ketamine, and Ecstasy• Overload the sensory controls in the brain• Brain confuses and intensifies sensations and
hallucinates• Impair judgment and reasoning• Increase heart and respiratory rates• Effects are extremely unpredictable • Last for several hours or several days
PCP• Most dangerous of all drugs• Effects vary greatly from user to user• Distorted sense of time and space, increase
muscle strength and inability to feel pain• Overdose can cause death• Most PCP-related deaths are caused by the
destructive behaviors • Flashbacks can occur at any time causing panic,
confusion and lack of control
LSD• Strong hallucinogen• Severe distorted perceptions of sound and color• Higher doses increase the risk of convulsions,
coma, heart and lung failure and even death• Affects brain emotional center and distorts reality• Range of emotions = euphoria to deep
depression• Frightening range of emotions long after actual
use of the drug
Ketamine• Used for medical purposes, mostly in treating
animals• Misused as a club drug• White powder to be snorted or injected• Also smoked with marijuana or tobacco• Causes hallucinations and dreamlike states• Result in death due to respiratory failure• Also known as Special K, Vitamin K, Kit Kat, Cat
Valium, and Purple• Legal to use on animals• Many of the same effects as PCP• Most teens choose to experiment with it because
the effects typically last only an hour
Ecstasy and Other Dangerous Drugs
• Designer Drugs – synthetic substances meant to imitate the effects of hallucinogens and other dangerous drugs
• Can be several hundreds times stronger than the drugs they are meant to imitate
• Ecstasy may give a short-term feeling of euphoria
• Often causes confusion, depression, paranoia, psychosis, and even long-term damage to brain cells
• Also result in uncontrollable tremors, paralysis, and irreversible brain damage
Consequences of Drug Use
• Negative consequences– Health problems, addiction, difficulties in
school
• Poor judgment– Put you at risk for unintentional injuries,
accidents, violence, STDs, unintended pregnancy, and suicide
• Best way to avoid these consequences is to refuse to use drugs
Lesson 5
Living Drug Free
Resisting Pressure to Use Drugs
• Peer pressure can be intense during the teen years
• “Everybody is doing it” is not a fact
• Most teens do not come in contact with illegal drugs
• 58% have never tried marijuana and 90% have never tried cocaine
Commitment to Be Drug Free• Make a firm and deliberate decision• Be fully committed to refusing them• Steer clear of people who do use drugs
and places where drugs may be used• Being drug free means being able to enjoy
life and deal with challenges and problems in healthful ways
• Shows the strength of your values and demonstrates good character and respect for yourself and others
Efforts to Curb Drug Abuse
• School Efforts– Drug-free school zones: areas within 1,000 feet of schools and
designated signs, within which people caught selling drugs receive especially severe penalties
– Drug education classes– Zero tolerance policies– Expulsion of students who are caught using
• Community Efforts– Drug watches: organized community efforts by neighborhood
residents to patrol, monitor, report and otherwise try to stop drug deals and drug abuse
• Choosing Healthy Alternatives
Becoming Drug Free
• Never too late
• Admitting that there is a problem
• Getting help
• Overcoming the problem
• Individual counseling, support groups, or drug treatment centers
Offering Help• Identify specific sources of help in your
community– Drug counselors, treatment centers or support groups
• Talk to the person when he or she is sober– Express your affection and concern, and describe his
or her behavior without being judgmental
• Listen to the person’s response– Be prepared for anger and denial
• Discuss the sources of help you have found – Offer to go with the person
Warning Signs of Drug Use • Gets drunk or high regularly, is often hungover• Lies about the drugs he or she is using or constantly talk about
drugs• Stops participating in activities that once were an important part of
his or her life• Changes eating or sleeping habits, shows rapid weight loss• Has difficulty concentrating• Takes unnecessary risks or participates in unsafe behaviors• Gets in trouble with authorities, such as school administrators or
police• Seems withdrawn, depressed, tired, and cares less about personal
grooming and appearance• Has red-rimmed eyes and runny nose not related to cold or allergies• Has “blackouts” and forgets what he or she did while under the
influence
Getting Help
• Drug abuse is a treatable condition• Support groups, counseling services and
treatment centers• For teens the first step to getting help is to
talk to a parent, teacher, school counselor, health care provider or another trusted adult
• Toll free hotlines or drug treatment center
Treatment Centers• Outpatient Drug-Free Treatment
– Programs usually do not include medications and often consist of individual or group counseling
• Short-Term Treatment– Centers can include residential, medication, and
outpatient therapies
• Maintenance Therapy– Intended for heroin addicts, this treatment usually
includes medication therapy
• Therapeutic Communities– Residencies for people with a long history of drug
abuse, highly structured programs that usually last from 6 to 12 months