Chapter 23Chapter 23

Acids, Bases, Acids, Bases, and and SaltsSalts

Have you seen these?Have you seen these?

Section 1: Acids & Section 1: Acids & BasesBases

Acid - (H+) removed in HAcid - (H+) removed in H22O.O.

Properties of AcidsProperties of Acids

1.1. Taste sourTaste sour

2.2. Corrosive and can burn skinCorrosive and can burn skin

3.3. React with litmus paper: red to React with litmus paper: red to yellow.yellow.

Common AcidsCommon Acids

1.1. Foods contains acidsFoods contains acidsa.a. Citrus fruitsCitrus fruits citric acid citric acidb.b. VinegarVinegar, or acetic acid, is in pickled , or acetic acid, is in pickled

foodsfoods2. You have 2. You have hydrochloric acid (hydrochloric acid (HCl) in HCl) in

your stomach.your stomach.

Common AcidsCommon Acids3.3. Four acids vital toFour acids vital to industry. industry.

a.a. Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid - used in car batteries and the - used in car batteries and the manufacturing of fertilizersmanufacturing of fertilizers

b.b. Phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid - used to manufacture - used to manufacture detergents, fertilizers, and soft drinksdetergents, fertilizers, and soft drinks

c.c. Nitric acid Nitric acid - used to manufacture fertilizers - used to manufacture fertilizers and explosiveand explosive

d.d. Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid – used to clean steel– used to clean steel

BasesBases

Base - forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in Base - forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.water.

Compliments or opposites of acidsCompliments or opposites of acids

Properties of BasesProperties of Bases

1.1. Many are crystalsMany are crystals

2.2. Feel slipperyFeel slippery

3.3. Strong bases are corrosiveStrong bases are corrosive

4.4. litmus paper turns blue-purplelitmus paper turns blue-purple

Common BasesCommon Bases

1.1. Ammonia & Sodium Hydroxide Ammonia & Sodium Hydroxide - are - are used in cleaners, fertilizers, rayon, used in cleaners, fertilizers, rayon, nylonnylon

2.2. Magnesium Hydroxide Magnesium Hydroxide - - medicationsmedications

3.3. Aluminum Hydroxide Aluminum Hydroxide – color fast – color fast fabricsfabrics

Solutions of Acids and Solutions of Acids and BasesBases

1.1. Acid describes compounds that can Acid describes compounds that can be ionized in water to form be ionized in water to form hydronium ionshydronium ions

2.2. Base describes compounds that can Base describes compounds that can form hydroxide ions in solutionform hydroxide ions in solution

3.3. Solutions of acids and solutions of Solutions of acids and solutions of bases are electric conductors to bases are electric conductors to some extentsome extent

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

1.1. Why should a person never use Why should a person never use taste testing to identify an acid or a taste testing to identify an acid or a base?base?

AnswersAnswers

Acids and Bases can be corrosive Acids and Bases can be corrosive and cause damage to tissueand cause damage to tissue

Sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, Sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, hydrochlorichydrochloric

Section 2 Section 2 Strength of Acids Strength of Acids

and Basesand Bases

The strength of an acid or a The strength of an acid or a base depends on how base depends on how

completely a compound completely a compound separates into ions when separates into ions when

dissolving in waterdissolving in water

Strong Acids and Strong Strong Acids and Strong BasesBases

1.1. A strong acid ionizes (or loses H+) almost A strong acid ionizes (or loses H+) almost completelycompletely in solution in solution

2.2. A strong base dissociates (or forms OH-) A strong base dissociates (or forms OH-) completelycompletely in solution in solution

3.3. Equations for strong acids and bases use a Equations for strong acids and bases use a single arrow single arrow indicating ions are formedindicating ions are formed

1.1. Strong acids and bases conduct more Strong acids and bases conduct more electricity than weak ones electricity than weak ones

Weak Acids and Weak Weak Acids and Weak BasesBases

1.1. A weak acid/base only partly ionizes A weak acid/base only partly ionizes in in solutionsolution

2.2. Equations for weak acids and bases use Equations for weak acids and bases use double arrows pointing in opposite double arrows pointing in opposite directionsdirections, indicating an incomplete , indicating an incomplete reactionreaction

4.4. Dilute and concentrated are terms to Dilute and concentrated are terms to describe the amount of acid or base describe the amount of acid or base dissolveddissolved

pH of a SolutionpH of a Solution

1.1. pH - a measure of the concentration of pH - a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution or how hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution or how acidic or basic it isacidic or basic it is

a.a. pH lower than 7 = acidicpH lower than 7 = acidic

b.b. pH greater than 7 = basicpH greater than 7 = basic

c.c. pH exactly equal to 7 = neutralpH exactly equal to 7 = neutral

pH of a SolutionpH of a Solution1.1. pH is determined by a universal pH is determined by a universal

indicator paper or pH meterindicator paper or pH meter2.2. Buffers – solutions containing Buffers – solutions containing ions that react with ions that react with additional acids oradditional acids or bases to minimize bases to minimize their effects on pH.their effects on pH.

Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

Is a strong acid the same thing as a Is a strong acid the same thing as a concentrated acid? Why or Why Not?concentrated acid? Why or Why Not?

AnswerAnswer

Not necessarily the same; strength Not necessarily the same; strength refers to ionization in a solution refers to ionization in a solution while concentration refers to the while concentration refers to the amount of acid or base dissolvedamount of acid or base dissolved

Section 3Section 3SaltsSalts

NeutralizationNeutralization

Chemical reaction between an acid Chemical reaction between an acid and a base taking place in a water and a base taking place in a water solutionsolution

Hydronium ions from the acid Hydronium ions from the acid combine with hydroxide ions from combine with hydroxide ions from the base to produce neutral waterthe base to produce neutral water

SaltsSalts

1.1. Salt - compound formed when the Salt - compound formed when the negative ions from an acid negative ions from an acid combine with the positive ions of a combine with the positive ions of a basebase

2.2. Salt is essential for many animalsSalt is essential for many animals

3.3. Other salt uses include Other salt uses include manufacturing of manufacturing of paint, rubber, paint, rubber, glass, soap, detergents, and dry glass, soap, detergents, and dry cell batteriescell batteries

TitrationTitration1.1. Used to determine the Used to determine the

concentrations of an acidic or basic concentrations of an acidic or basic solutionsolution

2.2. A solution of known concentration is A solution of known concentration is the standard solutionthe standard solution

3.3. An acid/base indicator is added to an An acid/base indicator is added to an unknown solutionunknown solution

4.4. A color change that is constantA color change that is constantis the end point.is the end point.

Soaps and DetergentsSoaps and DetergentsSoaps Soaps

1.1. Are organic salts with polar and Are organic salts with polar and nonpolar ends.nonpolar ends.

2.2. The nonpolar, hydrocarbon end interacts The nonpolar, hydrocarbon end interacts with oil and dirtwith oil and dirt

3.3. The polar end helps oil and dirt dissolve The polar end helps oil and dirt dissolve in waterin water

DetergentsDetergents

1.1. Form more soluble salts with the ions in Form more soluble salts with the ions in hard waterhard water

EstersEsters

1.1. Come from alcohols that are not Come from alcohols that are not bases but have a hydroxyl (-OH) bases but have a hydroxyl (-OH) groupgroup

2.2. Esters are used in Esters are used in fruit flavorings fruit flavorings and perfumesand perfumes

3.3. Polyesters are synthetic fibers Polyesters are synthetic fibers used to make fabricsused to make fabrics

Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

What are two ways salts can form?What are two ways salts can form?

AnswerAnswer

1.1. When an acid and a base combine When an acid and a base combine their negative and positive ionstheir negative and positive ions

2.2. When an acid reacts with a metalWhen an acid reacts with a metal