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PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany

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Chapter 23

The Head and Face

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Objectives

• Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:– Describe the anatomy of the head and face– Discuss common injuries to the head, face,

teeth, eyes, nose, ears, and scalp– Explain various injuries of the brain that a

person might suffer as a result of athletic participation

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Objectives (cont’d.)

• Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.):– Explain the signs and symptoms of a

concussion– Demonstrate on-field management and

assessment of concussions

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The Head and Face

• Face includes

- eyes, ears, nose, jaw, mouth

• Cranium (skull)

- contains brain and spinal cord attachments

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The Eye

• Composed of:– Sclera– Extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles– Cornea– Choroid coat, iris, pupil– Lens and related structures– Retina– Optic disc and fovea

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Pathway of Vision

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• Images in the light cornea pupil lens where the light rays are bent or refracted retina rods and cones pick up stimulus optic nerve optic chiasma optic tracts occipital lobe of brain for interpretation

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Animation - Vision

Click Here to Play Vision Animation

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Eye Injuries

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• Specks in the eyes

• Blows (contusions) to the eye

• Cuts, Punctures, and abrasions of the eye or eyelid

• Orbital blow-out fracture

• Hyphema

• Conjunctivitis

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The Ear

• Outer ear

- Visible part of ear

• Middle ear

- Conducts sound to inner ear

• Inner ear

- A maze of winding passageways (labyrinth)

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Animation - Hearing

Click Here to Play Hearing Animation

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Injuries to the Ear

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• Cauliflower ear– Deformity caused by outer ear cartilage

damage

• Swimmer’s ear– Infection of skin covering outer ear canal

• Foreign bodies lodged in the ear

• Tympani (eardrum) rupture– Perforation of tympanic membrane

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The Nose

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• Composition of bone, cartilage, and skin– Projects from frontal bone of cranium and

maxillae of face – Serves as an air passage between nostrils

and throat, and sense of smell

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Injuries to the Nose

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• Epistemic – Nosebleed

• Nasal fractures and septal deviations – Break in bone or

damage to cartilaginous structures

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The Mouth and Jaw

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• Mouth

- Soft palate

- Hard palate

• Jaw

- Maxilla

- Mandible

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Injuries to the Mouth and Jaw

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• Soft-tissue injuries– Cuts or lacerations to the lips, tongue, inside

of the mouth, or face

• Dental injuries– Injuries to the teeth and tooth-related

structures

• Jaw-related or bone-related injuries – Bruising, contusions, and fractures

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The Head

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• Cranium consists of:– Anterior bone– Frontal bone– Temporal bone

• Mastoid sinuses

– Occipital bone• Foramen magnum

– Parietal bone– Sutures

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The Head (cont’d.)

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• The brain– Brainstem– Cerebellum– Cerebrum– Meninges

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Head Injuries

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• Approximately half U.S. trauma-related deaths are due to head injuries

• Head injuries include: – Scalp injuries

• Contusions and lacerations

– Skull fractures• Uncommon but do occur

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Brain Injuries

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• Most serious threat to an athlete – Usually result from movement of the brain

within the skull• Forceful impact• Transmission of force from skull to underlying

tissue• Contusion or lacerations• Contrecoup

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Brain Injuries (cont’d.)

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• Concussion – Range from a common “bell-ringer” to loss of

consciousness

• Amnesia– Retrograde or antegrade

• Postconcussion syndrome– Poorly understood– Follows a concussion

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Brain Injuries (cont’d.)

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• Brain contusions– Result when the brain collides against the

skull or is raked over bony irregularities

• Hemorrhage– Subdural, epidural, and intracranial

hematoma

• Secondary impact syndrome– Second head injury occurs before symptoms

of a previous injury have been resolved

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Animation – Head Injuries

Click Here to Play Head Injuries Animation

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Conclusion

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• Injuries to the head and neck can be serious and life threatening– Proper care and management can be the

difference between full or partial recovery– A complete understanding of head and brain

anatomy, as well as the mechanism of injury, will give the proper tools for accurate assessment