Chapter 22 Urbanization and Sustainable Cities

22.1 Urbanization

• Cities have specialized functions as well as large populations– Trade Centers (New York)– Resource Extraction (Pittsburgh, Houston)– Manufacturing (Detroit)– All Require Vast Array of Service Industries

• Large cities are expanding rapidly

Largest Metropolitan AreasTokyo Japan 32,450,000

Seoul South Korea 20,550,000

Mexico City Mexico 20,450,000

New York United States 19,750,000

Mumbai India 19,200,000

Jakarta Indonesia 18,900,000

São Paulo Brazil 18,850,000

Delhi India 18,600,000

Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Japan 17,375,000

Shanghai China 16,650,000

Manila Philippines 16,300,000

Hong Kong-Shenzhen China 15,800,000

Los Angeles United States 15,250,000

22.2 Why Do Cities Grow? • Immigration is driven by push and pull factors– Push• Lack of Land• Violence• Social Pressures

– Pull• Jobs• Lifestyle

• Government policies can drive urban growth

Cities are Tough• Small towns frequently die because of economic

problems, resource exhaustion, disasters or war, but large cities are rarely abandoned

• Vijayanagara, India (Destroyed 1565) is one of the most recent large cities (500,000) to be completely abandoned

• Pripyat, Ukraine (50,000) was abandoned after Chernobyl (1986)

• No large cities were abandoned because of World War II

Cities Re-Invent Themselves

• Pittsburgh: Steel Technology• Milwaukee: Brewing Service• Dubai: Oil Finance• Detroit?• New Orleans?

22.3 Urban Challenges In The Developing World

• Traffic congestion and air quality are growing problems

• Insufficient sewage treatment causes water pollution

• Insufficient Public Utilities• Many cities lack adequate housing

22.4 Urban Challenges In The Developed World

• Urban sprawl consumes land and resources• Expanding suburbs force long commutes• Why not find out why people leave cities and

fix those problems?– Crowding– Behavior

• Mass-transit could make our cities more livable

22.5 Smart Growth• Garden cities and new towns were early

examples of smart growth • New urbanism advanced the ideas of smart

growth • Victor Gruen and the Shopping Mall• Green urbanism promotes sustainable cities • Open space design preserves landscapes– Who pays for Open Space?