Chapter 22: The Chapter 22: The Development of U.S. Foreign Development of U.S. Foreign

PolicyPolicy

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Section 2: Shared Foreign Policy Section 2: Shared Foreign Policy PowersPowersPresidential Powers & Presidential Powers &

ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities

Constitutional PowersConstitutional Powers

1.1. Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief

2.2. Head of StateHead of State

What foreign policy powers does the What foreign policy powers does the President have as Head of State?President have as Head of State?

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Section 2: Shared Foreign Section 2: Shared Foreign Policy PowersPolicy Powers

Foreign Policy AdvisorsForeign Policy Advisors

1.1. Secretary of StateSecretary of State

Hillary ClintonHillary Clinton

2.2. Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Defense

Robert GatesRobert Gates

3.3. National Security AdvisorNational Security AdvisorGeneral (ret.) James JonesGeneral (ret.) James Jones

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Section 3: State & Defense Section 3: State & Defense DepartmentsDepartments Department of State Department of State

created in 1789created in 1789 Secretary of State is Secretary of State is

the highest ranking the highest ranking member of the member of the Cabinet.Cabinet.

State Departments State Departments “primary objective in “primary objective in the conduct of foreign the conduct of foreign relations is to promote relations is to promote the long-range the long-range security & well-being security & well-being of the United States.”of the United States.”

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Section 3: State & Defense Section 3: State & Defense DepartmentsDepartments

Department of State has four other important Department of State has four other important functions:functions:

1)1) Keep president informed about international Keep president informed about international relationsrelations

2)2) To maintain diplomatic relations with foreign To maintain diplomatic relations with foreign governmentsgovernments

3)3) Negotiate treaties with foreign governmentsNegotiate treaties with foreign governments

4)4) Protect the interests of Americans traveling Protect the interests of Americans traveling abroadabroad

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Section 3: State & Defense Section 3: State & Defense DepartmentsDepartments

Five assistant Secretaries of State Five assistant Secretaries of State administer five geographic bureaus:administer five geographic bureaus:

1.1. African AffairsAfrican Affairs2.2. European & Canadian AffairsEuropean & Canadian Affairs3.3. East-Asian & Pacific AffairsEast-Asian & Pacific Affairs4.4. Inter-American AffairsInter-American Affairs5.5. Near-Eastern AffairsNear-Eastern Affairs Official assigned to serve abroad are Official assigned to serve abroad are

members of the members of the foreign serviceforeign service State Department maintains embassies and State Department maintains embassies and

consulates in foreign capitals and major consulates in foreign capitals and major cities that the U.S. has diplomatic relations cities that the U.S. has diplomatic relations with.with.

Section 3: State & Defense Section 3: State & Defense DepartmentsDepartments

Department of Department of Defense (DOD) Defense (DOD) supervises the armed supervises the armed forces of the U.S.forces of the U.S.

1.1. ArmyArmy2.2. NavyNavy3.3. Air ForceAir Force4.4. Nuclear Arsenal Nuclear Arsenal The U.S. military is The U.S. military is

controlled by civilians. controlled by civilians. The President is the The President is the Commander-in-Chief & Commander-in-Chief & he designates the he designates the Secretary of Secretary of DefenseDefense to run the to run the day to day affairs and day to day affairs and supervise the supervise the Joint Joint Chiefs of StaffChiefs of Staff..

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Section 4: Foreign Policy Section 4: Foreign Policy in Actionin Action

When nation feel a common threat to When nation feel a common threat to their security they form their security they form mutual defense mutual defense alliancesalliances

The United States is a member of three The United States is a member of three regional security pactsregional security pacts..

Since WWII mutual defense alliances and Since WWII mutual defense alliances and regional security pacts, along with the regional security pacts, along with the United Nations have prevented a third United Nations have prevented a third world war.world war.

Collective SecurityCollective Security: a system by which : a system by which the participating nations agree to take the participating nations agree to take joint action against a nation that attacks joint action against a nation that attacks any one of them. “All for one and one for any one of them. “All for one and one for all.”all.”

North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Organization (NATO)

Formed after WWII to contain communism and Formed after WWII to contain communism and the Soviet Union.the Soviet Union.

Initially the Western European Democracies, Initially the Western European Democracies, the U.S. and Canadathe U.S. and Canada

Since the end of the Cold War NATO has Since the end of the Cold War NATO has transformed into a peacekeeping organization transformed into a peacekeeping organization with missions in the former Yugoslavia, & with missions in the former Yugoslavia, & AfghanistanAfghanistan

Organization of Organization of American StatesAmerican States

Formed in 1947 with the Rio PactFormed in 1947 with the Rio Pact Has served as a peacekeeping force and Has served as a peacekeeping force and

organization to promote democracy and organization to promote democracy and diplomacy in the American hemispherediplomacy in the American hemisphere

Strained by Cuban Crisis of the 1960s as Strained by Cuban Crisis of the 1960s as well as the 1982 Falkland Islands War well as the 1982 Falkland Islands War between Argentina and the United between Argentina and the United Kingdom inKingdom in

ANZUSANZUSAustralia, New Zealand, Australia, New Zealand,

United StatesUnited States Formed in 1951 as the main Formed in 1951 as the main

defense pact in the Pacific.defense pact in the Pacific. ANZUS strained after 1984 ANZUS strained after 1984

when New Zealand adopted when New Zealand adopted an anti-Nuclear policyan anti-Nuclear policy