Chapter 22

Section 1

Revival of Feminism

• Woman’s Liberation – Freedom from the limits of traditionally female roles

• __________________________________

• Origins of the woman’s movement • Started in the 1960’s

• Started primarily among white – middle class women

The Early History

• 1910 – Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Idaho were the only states that gave women full voting rights

• 1919 – Congress passes 19th amendment giving all women full voting rights

• Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique in 1963

The Woman’s Dilemma

• Minority woman faced both sexual and racial discrimination

• Woman who came from other countries put their rights as an African American, or a Hispanic American 1st, and their rights as a woman 2nd

Woman’s Issues in the 1960’s • Feminists emerged (Activists for woman’s equal

rights)• __________________________________

• Economic Rights • 1960 – women make up one third of the

workforce • Women make 59 cents to every mans $• 1963 – equal pay act requires employers to

pay women the same for their job as men.• 1964 – civil rights act prohibits discrimination

in employment on the basis of sex as well as of race

Political Rights

• In 1963 women occupied only 5% of state legislative seats

• __________________________________

• Reproductive Rights • 1960 – Food and Dud Admin. Approves

sale of birth control

The Founding of NOW • The National Organization for Woman

started in 1966 • It helped sexual and racial

discrimination of woman • And wanted equal rights for all women• Inspired The National Women’s

Caucus, founded in 1971, which put women into political offices

• 1970 – North American Indian Women’s association

• 1972 – Ms. A feminist magazine publishes 1st issue After that women’s colleges began to appear and mean’s colleges started letting women into them.

Radical Feminism • NOW is a radical organization • These women practices

participatory democracy – participating directly rather than through elected representatives

• __________________________

• The Opposition • A lot of women still didn’t like the

idea of Feminism, they said it strayed to far from tradition

• Phyllis Schlafly Published The Power Of The Positive Woman in 1977

Responses of Congress and the Courts

• 1970 – Labor Department makes it so employers need to have a certain number of women working for them.

• 1972 – Education amendments prevent discrimination for getting into schools.

• __________________________________

• The Fight for ERA • Supported the Equal Rights Act

The Defeat of ERA

• 1982 – ERA doesn’t have 38 state members and fails

• __________________________________• Roe vs. Wade • Established women’s rights to have an

abortion • Congress stated that after the 1st trimester

of pregnancy abortion would officially be illegal

A Shift in Focus

• In this transition of abortion the focus went from the rights of the mother to the rights of the baby

Hispanic Americans Hispanic Americans OrganizeOrganize

Section 2Section 2

BackgroundBackground

A Hispanic American is a person who A Hispanic American is a person who came from or is descended from someone came from or is descended from someone who came from a Spanish-speaking who came from a Spanish-speaking country (Mexico, Puerto Rica, Cuba, etc.)country (Mexico, Puerto Rica, Cuba, etc.)From 3 million in 1960, the population of From 3 million in 1960, the population of Hispanic Americans rose to 30.3 million Hispanic Americans rose to 30.3 million by 1980by 1980They are the fastest-growing minority in They are the fastest-growing minority in the countrythe country

Coming Into AmericaComing Into America

Many Hispanic Americans were Many Hispanic Americans were descendents of the one million people who descendents of the one million people who fled Mexico after the revolution in 1910fled Mexico after the revolution in 1910Some came as braceros, farm workers Some came as braceros, farm workers who were issued temporary work permits who were issued temporary work permits during and after WWIIduring and after WWIIStill others are illegal immigrantsStill others are illegal immigrantsThere were also a lot of Cubans that came There were also a lot of Cubans that came after Fidel Castro took over Cubaafter Fidel Castro took over Cuba

Political ProblemsPolitical Problems

Since the Hispanic Americans were so Since the Hispanic Americans were so diverse, it was hard for any one political diverse, it was hard for any one political leader to unify themleader to unify them

So, though there were so many Hispanic So, though there were so many Hispanic American voters, there were very few American voters, there were very few Hispanic American politicians electedHispanic American politicians elected

They had very little representationThey had very little representation

José AngelJosé Angel Gutiérrez Gutiérrez

The Bracero ProgramThe Bracero Program

Brought on by labor shortage during WWIIBrought on by labor shortage during WWII

Allows farm laborers to enter the U.S. on Allows farm laborers to enter the U.S. on temporary programstemporary programs

Mexico disliked this program, fearing Mexico disliked this program, fearing discrimination, but eventually accepted itdiscrimination, but eventually accepted it

It ended in 1965 when Mexican Americans It ended in 1965 when Mexican Americans complained about the poor working complained about the poor working conditionsconditions

Illegal ImmigrantsIllegal Immigrants

The illegal immigrant problem began due The illegal immigrant problem began due to the poverty of Mexicoto the poverty of Mexico

Illegals were often exploited by Coyotes Illegals were often exploited by Coyotes who charged huge sums of money to take who charged huge sums of money to take them across the borderthem across the border

Illegal immigrants would work for little pay Illegal immigrants would work for little pay and not apply for help for fear of being and not apply for help for fear of being deporteddeported

Céser ChávezCéser Chávez

He wanted each issue involving Hispanic He wanted each issue involving Hispanic Americans to be treated individuallyAmericans to be treated individually

He organized a lot of nonviolent protests He organized a lot of nonviolent protests including boycottsincluding boycotts

When his protests were met with violence, When his protests were met with violence, the people didn’t like it and he got the the people didn’t like it and he got the benefits he wantedbenefits he wanted

Céser ChávezCéser Chávez

BilingualismBilingualism

Bilingualism = knowing two languagesBilingualism = knowing two languages

Teaching Hispanic children two languages Teaching Hispanic children two languages brought up a lot of controversy in the 70sbrought up a lot of controversy in the 70s

People in favor of bilingualism said it was People in favor of bilingualism said it was the only way to ensure that minority the only way to ensure that minority students would receive a good educationstudents would receive a good education

People against it felt it delayed full People against it felt it delayed full assimilation of minorities into societyassimilation of minorities into society

Native American Land Claims

by

“’The Lake is as blue as turquoise. It is surrounded by evergreens. In the summer there are millions of

wildflowers. Springs are all around. We have no buildings there, no steeples. There is nothing the

human hand has made. The Lake is our church….We pray to the water, the sun, the clouds, the

sky, the deer. Without them they couldn’t exist.’”

-John C. Reyna

Life on the Reservation

• Little to no representation• Segregated• 2/3 of tribes live off of land• Bureau of Indian Affairs• 38% below poverty line• Disease• Suicides = 2x

The Fight for Ownership

• Organized to combat these issues• Embrace cultural aspects• Formation of militant groups -AIM (American Indian Movement)• Self-determination

Eyes are Opened

• Court challenges- ICC heard and awarded 670 cases and awarded around $775 to each settlement

• TANLCAS- gave 40 million acres and 962.5 million in cash

• These people wanted land. Not compensation.

The disputes between the sacred lands of tribes still ensued. People today are not satisfied with what was wrongfully taken from them so long ago. And yet…

http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photos/photo-camp-pine-ridge/#heart-hands-pineridge_8560_600x450.jpg

Profile of a GenerationProfile of a Generation

• Many teens that grew up in the cold Many teens that grew up in the cold war believed they lived on the, “edge war believed they lived on the, “edge of disaster”of disaster”

• Generation gap: differences in Generation gap: differences in attitudes between people of different attitudes between people of different age groupsage groups

• Music was important (for teens) with Music was important (for teens) with communication and classificationcommunication and classification

Beliefs and ValuesBeliefs and Values

• Different counterculture groups had Different counterculture groups had different goalsdifferent goals

• Common rejection of the prevailing Common rejection of the prevailing middle class valuesmiddle class values

• Establishment: people and Establishment: people and institutions that represented power, institutions that represented power, authority and the status quoauthority and the status quo

New Views New Views

• Hippies- members of the Hippies- members of the counterculture counterculture – Searched for “highs” in drugs, alcohol Searched for “highs” in drugs, alcohol

and other thingsand other things– Tend to reject conservative moralsTend to reject conservative morals– Availability of birth control Availability of birth control

New Views (con’t)New Views (con’t)

• Timothy Leary: self-appointed guru, Timothy Leary: self-appointed guru, spiritual leader of many drug userspiritual leader of many drug user– Academic dropoutAcademic dropout– Experimented with lysergic acid Experimented with lysergic acid

dielythylamide (LSD), a mind altering dielythylamide (LSD), a mind altering drugdrug

– Fired by HarvardFired by Harvard– ““Turn on, tune in, drop out.”Turn on, tune in, drop out.”

New Religious MovementsNew Religious Movements

• Most counterculture embraced Most counterculture embraced spirituality. This included: astrology, spirituality. This included: astrology, magic, eastern religions and new magic, eastern religions and new forms of Christianityforms of Christianity

• Some had strict rules against actions, Some had strict rules against actions, their centers were many times refuge their centers were many times refuge for young people seeking help for for young people seeking help for their addictionstheir addictions

City HangoutsCity Hangouts

• It was common to live with groups, It was common to live with groups, without regard to gender or marital statuswithout regard to gender or marital status

• Pad- a room with mattresses on the floor, Pad- a room with mattresses on the floor, or with room to roll out sleeping bagsor with room to roll out sleeping bags

• The Diggers- a formed group in San Fran The Diggers- a formed group in San Fran operated a “free store” of used clothingoperated a “free store” of used clothing

City Hangouts (con’t)City Hangouts (con’t)

• Summer was a popular time for young people Summer was a popular time for young people to converge to the citesto converge to the cites

• There was always a concert or show happening There was always a concert or show happening in the street (drugs were readily available)in the street (drugs were readily available)

• Murders in fall 1967 left groups retreating to Murders in fall 1967 left groups retreating to the country, forming communesthe country, forming communes

• Communes- communities that shared propertyCommunes- communities that shared property

Rural CommunesRural Communes

• 1970- The New York Times estimated 1970- The New York Times estimated communes to 2,000communes to 2,000

• Some held meetings, wrote bylaws, Some held meetings, wrote bylaws, and discussed the ideal communitiesand discussed the ideal communities

• Sought out secluded areas of natural Sought out secluded areas of natural beautybeauty

• Problems that arose were due to Problems that arose were due to organization and lack of privacyorganization and lack of privacy

Counterculture and the Counterculture and the MainstreamMainstream

• Cultural diffusion- the mainstream Cultural diffusion- the mainstream adopting aspects of the adopting aspects of the counterculturecounterculture

• Different things that were changed:Different things that were changed:– DietDiet– Fashion Fashion – Music and DanceMusic and Dance– ArtArt

Diet Diet

• New Items in the New Items in the American Diet American Diet included included – organically grown organically grown

foods foods – yogurt yogurt – ranch-fed chicken ranch-fed chicken

(grown up on farm) (grown up on farm)

FashionFashion

• Fashion became Fashion became colorful, beaded, colorful, beaded, braided, patched braided, patched and fringed and fringed garments that both garments that both men and women men and women would wearwould wear

Popular MusicPopular Music

• Elvis PresleyElvis Presley

• Buddy HollyBuddy Holly

• The BeatlesThe Beatles

• Janis JoplinJanis Joplin

• Bob DylanBob Dylan

Art Art

• Pop art- photographs, comics, Pop art- photographs, comics, advertisements and brand name advertisements and brand name productsproducts

• Andy Worhol-used famous people Andy Worhol-used famous people (Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor) (Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor) and repeated them over and overand repeated them over and over