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Chapter 22Chapter 22Pest ManagementPest Management
What is a PesticideWhat is a Pesticide
Pesticides can be all of the Pesticides can be all of the following:following: InsecticidesInsecticides HerbicidesHerbicides FungicidesFungicides RodenticidesRodenticides
Narrow spectrum pesticide-Narrow spectrum pesticide-
Broad spectrum pesticide-Broad spectrum pesticide-
Second generation Second generation
pesticidepesticide Synthetic poisonSynthetic poison Ex: DDT, malathion, Ex: DDT, malathion,
atrazineatrazine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MxrH4lN0-Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aoDBSjhEiA
First generation First generation pesticidepesticide Inorganic Inorganic
compoundscompounds BotanicalsBotanicals
Major Groups of InsecticidesMajor Groups of Insecticides
Chlorinated HydrocarbonsChlorinated Hydrocarbons Slow to degrade and persist in the environmentSlow to degrade and persist in the environment Banned or largely restrictedBanned or largely restricted
OrganophosphatesOrganophosphates Most poisonous insecticideMost poisonous insecticide Do not persist as long as chlorinated Do not persist as long as chlorinated
hydrocarbonshydrocarbons CabamatesCabamates
Broad spectrum; derived from cabamic acidBroad spectrum; derived from cabamic acid
Benefits of PesticidesBenefits of Pesticides
Crop ProtectionCrop Protection Pests eat and destroy 1/3 of world’s Pests eat and destroy 1/3 of world’s
cropscrops Farmers save $$Farmers save $$
Disease controlDisease control Fleas, lice and mosquitoes carry diseaseFleas, lice and mosquitoes carry disease Malaria- mosquito bornMalaria- mosquito born
DDTDDT
Locations of MalariaLocations of Malaria
Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides
Evolution of Evolution of Genetic Genetic ResistanceResistance
Pesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance
Pesticide TreadmillPesticide Treadmill Cost of applying pesticide increases Cost of applying pesticide increases While their effectiveness decreasesWhile their effectiveness decreases
Resistance ManagementResistance Management
Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides
Imbalances Imbalances the Ecosystemthe Ecosystem Spraying to kill Spraying to kill
insects can insects can affect birds, affect birds, rabbits, etc.rabbits, etc.
Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides Creation of New PestsCreation of New Pests
Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides
Persistence, Bioaccumulation, Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Magnificationand Biological Magnification
Do these words look familiar?They should!
Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides
Mobility in the EnvironmentMobility in the Environment Do not stay where they are appliedDo not stay where they are applied
All leads back to humansOr the environment!
Mild: Mild: nausea, nausea, vomiting, vomiting, headachesheadaches
Severe: Severe: damage to damage to nervous nervous system, system,
Risk of Pesticides to Human Risk of Pesticides to Human HealthHealth Short-term Effects of PesticidesShort-term Effects of Pesticides
Handling food with pesticide residueHandling food with pesticide residue
Risk of Pesticides to Human Risk of Pesticides to Human HealthHealth Long-term Effects of PesticidesLong-term Effects of Pesticides
Cancer Cancer SterilitySterility MiscarriageMiscarriage Birth defectsBirth defects Decreases body’s ability to fight Decreases body’s ability to fight
infectioninfection Potential connection to Parkinson’s Potential connection to Parkinson’s
diseasedisease
Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides
Using cultivation methods to control Using cultivation methods to control pests pests Interplant mixtures of plants (alternating Interplant mixtures of plants (alternating
rows)rows) Strip cuttingStrip cutting Proper timing of planting, fertilizing, and Proper timing of planting, fertilizing, and
irrigating irrigating Crop rotationCrop rotation
Reproductive ControlsReproductive Controls Sterilizing some of the membersSterilizing some of the members
Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides
Biological ControlBiological Control Use of naturally occurring disease Use of naturally occurring disease
organisms, parasites or predators to organisms, parasites or predators to control pestscontrol pests
Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides
Pheromones and HormonesPheromones and Hormones By applying insect hormones at wrong time in By applying insect hormones at wrong time in
life cycle, insects can be killed offlife cycle, insects can be killed off Genetic ControlsGenetic Controls
Genetically Modified plants (GMOs)Genetically Modified plants (GMOs) Bt toxinBt toxin Potential problem: may affect non-target speciesPotential problem: may affect non-target species
QuarantineQuarantine Restriction of the importation of exotic plant Restriction of the importation of exotic plant
and animal material that might harbor pestsand animal material that might harbor pests
Systems Approach - Systems Approach - Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Management (IPM) IPMIPM
Combination of Combination of pest control pest control methods that keeps methods that keeps pest population low pest population low without economic without economic lossloss
Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement
IPM IPM IntroduceIntroduce
dd
Systems Approach - Systems Approach - Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Management (IPM) Rice Production in IndonesiaRice Production in Indonesia
Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides
Irradiating FoodIrradiating Food Harvested food is expose to ionizing Harvested food is expose to ionizing
radiation, which kills many radiation, which kills many microorganismsmicroorganisms
Somewhat controversial due to potential Somewhat controversial due to potential for free radicalsfor free radicals
Laws Controlling Pesticide Laws Controlling Pesticide UseUse Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938)Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938) Pesticide Chemicals Amendment Pesticide Chemicals Amendment
(1954)(1954) Delaney Cause (1958)Delaney Cause (1958) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (1947, updated most Rodenticide Act (1947, updated most recently in 2008)recently in 2008)
Food Quality Protection Act (1996)Food Quality Protection Act (1996)
Manufacture and Use of Manufacture and Use of Banned PesticidesBanned Pesticides Some US companies still make banned Some US companies still make banned
or seriously restricted pesticidesor seriously restricted pesticides Product is exportedProduct is exported
Importation of food w/banned pesticidesImportation of food w/banned pesticides Global ban of persistent organic Global ban of persistent organic
pollutantspollutants Stockholm Convention on Persistent Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants (2004)Organic Pollutants (2004)
Manufacture and Use of Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides - The Banned Pesticides - The Dirty DozenDirty Dozen
Links thanks to Duke University http://forages.css.orst.edu/topics/pests/ -- learn about some
well known pests (like aphids, beetles, and grasshoppers) http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/pubs/catalog/insects.htm -- find out
all the information about some of the most notorious pests http://www.reeusda.gov/ruralconf/udsa-ref/nass-l -- find some
statistics on the use of pesticides http://www.igc.apc.org/millennium/inds/pop.html -- how long
will it take to reach 9 billion people in the world? Click here to find out.
http://hammock.ifas.ufl.edu/txt/fairs/31610 -- learn more about the safety of pesticides.
http://www.efn.org/~ncap/pestic~2.html -- here are some reasons why pesticides are dangerous
http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/Reports/shoppers/Shoppers.html -- find out about pesticides in common, everyday foods
http://www.blackpool.net/www/sbwalsh/pests.htm -- more information about your favorite pests