Chapter 22, part 4

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fundamentals of

Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION

Frederic H

. Martini

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Chapter 22, part 4

The Lymphatic System and Immunity


SECTION 22-6 B Cells and Antibody-mediated Immunity


B cell sensitization of activation

• Sensitization – the binding of antigens to the B cell membrane antibodies

• Antigens then displayed on B cell Class II MHC

• TH cells activated by same antigen stimulate B cell

• Active B cell differentiates into Memory B Cell or Plasma cell

• Plasma cells synthesize and release antibody

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.20

Figure 22.20 The Sensitization and Activation of B Cells

Animation: B Cells and Antibody ProductionPLAY


Antibodies structure

• Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins consisting of:

• Two parallel polypeptide chains

• Heavy chains and light chains

• Constant region and variable region

• Antigen binding site


Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure

Figure 22.21



Figure 22.21a



Figure 22.21b-d


Actions of antibodies include:

• Neutralization

• Agglutination and precipitation

• Activation of complement

• Attraction of phagocytes

• Opsinization

• Stimulation of inflammation

• Prevention of adhesion


Classes of Antibodies (immunoglobins)

• IgG – resistance against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins

• IgE – accelerates local inflammation

• IgD – found on the surface of B cells

• IgM – first type secreted after antigen arrives

• IgA – primarily found in glandular sec


Primary and secondary antibody response

• Primary response

• Takes about two weeks to develop

• Produced by plasma cells

• Secondary response

• Rapid increase in IgG

• Maximum antibody titer app


Figure 22.22 The Primary and Secondary Immune Responses


Figure 22.23 An Integrated Summary of the Immune Response

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.25a, b

Figure 22.25 The Course of the Body’s Response to Bacterial Infection


Focus on Hormones of the Immune System

• Interleukins

• Increase T cell sensitivity

• Stimulate B cell activity, plasma formation, and antibody production

• Enhance nonspecific defenses

• Moderate the immune system

• Interferons

• Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs) slow tumor growth

• Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)


SECTION 22-7 Normal and Abnormal Resistance


Development of the Immune Response

• Immunological competence

• The ability to demonstrate an immune response after exposure to an antigen

• Fetuses receive immunity from the maternal bloodstream

• Infants acquire immunity following exposure


Immune disorders

• Autoimmune disorders

• Immune response mistakenly targets normal cells

• Immunodeficiency diseases

• Immune system does not develop properly or is blocked


Allergies

• Inappropriate or excessive immune response to allergens

• Immediate hypersensitivity (type I)

• Cytotoxic reactions (type II)

• Immune complex disorders (type III)

• Delayed hypersensitivity (type IV)

• Anaphylaxis

• Circulating allergen affects mast cells throughout body


Figure 22.26 The Mechanism of Anaphylaxis

Figure 22.26


Stress and the immune response

• Interleukin-1 released by active macrophages

• Triggers release of ACTH resulting in glucocorticoid release

• Moderates the immune response

• Lowers resistance to disease


Stress can cause the following:

• Depression of the inflammatory response

• Phagocytic reduction

• Inhibition of interleukin secretion


SECTION 22-8 Aging and the Immune Response


With age

• Immune system becomes less effective

• Increased susceptibility to infection

• Immune surveillance declines


• The structure and function of lymphatic cells, tissues and organs

• The body’s nonspecific defenses and the components and mechanisms of each

• Specific resistance, cell-mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity

• The role of the T cell, B cell and antibodies in specific immunity

• The origin, development, activation and regulation of normal resistance to disease

• The effects of stress and aging on the immune system

You should now be familiar with:

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Chapter 22, part 4