Chapter 22

• On June 28, 1914, a member of a Bosnian nationalist organization assassinated the heir to the Austrian throne, an act leading to a war that would transform Western society.

On the Path to Total War

• Rivalries and Alliances– The Alliance System– Military Buildup

• Crises in the Balkans– Germany’s Blank Check– Mobilization

Chapter 22

• Initial patriotic outbursts and national unity were soon dulled by the destructive nature of new weapons and fighting styles that created a bloody deadlock on the battlefield.

The Front Lines

• Off to Battle– Celebrating War– The Central Powers Versus the Allies

• The Schlieffen Plan

• Slaughter and Stalemate on the Western Front– Trench Warfare– Great Battles of 1916– Weapons of War

The Front Lines

• Victory and Defeat on the Eastern and Southern Fronts– Russia’s Military Collapse– Southern Fronts

• The War Spreads Across the Globe

Chapter 22

• World War I became the first total war as all sectors of domestic society were mobilized to support the military effort, in the process transforming entire economies, societies, and governments.

– Total War

War on the Home Front

• Mobilizing Resources– Governments Take Control

• New Gender Roles

• Maintaining the Effort– Propaganda– Rising Dissent

Chapter 22

• The German military made a desperate effort to defeat Britain and France before America could send enough aid to make a difference in the war, but the destruction and death continued right up until the final, bitter days of fighting.

• The U.S. Enters the War

• Final Battles

Chapter 22

• For all countries, the cost of the war in human lives was immense, and financial and material losses offered continuing hardships during the recovery period.

Chapter 22

• The Treaty signed at Versailles, a compromise between a “hard” peace and a “just” peace, created new countries and left many resentments as hopes went unrealized.

The Peace Settlement

• Gathering at Versailles

• A Victors’ Peace– Wilson’s Fourteen Points

• Redrawing the Map of Europe– The League of Nations

• Legacy of the Peace Treaty

Chapter 22

• Devastated by World War I and weakened by the tsar’s refusal to enact real reform, the Russian empire was toppled by revolution in 1917.

• The First Warnings: 1905

Revolutions in Russia

• The Fall of the Tsar– The March Revolution

• The Provisional Government– The Soviets

– Kerensky Leads

• The Rise of the Bolsheviks– Lenin’s Principles

– Russia’s July Days

– The November Revolution

• Communism and Civil War

Chapter 23

• The Realities of the immediate post-war period negated the feeling of liberation that victory had inspired and brought economic crisis and anxiety to the West.

– Economic Uncertainty

Trying to Recover From the Great War, 1919-1929

• The Victors Just Hold On– Defensive France– Britain and its Empire– The U.S. Turns Inward

• Continuing Crises in Germany– The Weimer Republic– Wild Inflation

• Conciliation and a Glimpse of Prosperity– The Dawes Plan– Uneasy Prosperity

Trying to Recover From the Great War, 1919-1929

• The Roaring Twenties?– The Radio and Movies– The Bauhaus School– New Attitudes Toward Sex

• The Anxious Twenties– Sense of Decay and Crises

Chapter 23

• Mounting economic problems and a lack of governing experience on the part of new democracies contributed to the rise of authoritarianism.

Turning Away From Democracy: Dictatorships and Fascism, 1919-

1929

• Authoritarianism in East-Central Europe

• The Rise of Fascism in Italy– Fascist Doctrine– Turmoil in Italy– Mussolini Takes Power– The Appeal of Fascism– The Fascist System

Chapter 23

• After winning the civil war, Soviet leaders still faced the task of building a socialist society and industrializing the country.

Transforming the Soviet Union: 1920-1939

• Lenin’s Compromise: The NEP

• The Struggle to Succeed Lenin– Joseph Stalin

• Stalin’s Five-Year Plans– Collectivization– Mobilizing for Industrialization

• Blood and Terror: The Great Purges

Chapter 23

• The economic crash in the West pulled much of the world into a severe economic depression.

• Crash!– Causes of the Economic Collapse– Effects in Non-Western Lands

• In the Teeth of the Depression

• Searching for Solutions

Chapter 23

• As depression hit, the Nazi Party led by Hitler rose to power in Germany.

• The Young Adolf Hitler

• The Birth of Nazism in Germany’s Post-War Years– Nazi Doctrine

• The Growth of the Nazi Party

Nazism in Germany

• The Appeal of Nazism

• Hitler Takes Power

• Life in Nazi Germany– Family and Private Life– Nazi Youth Organizations– Promoting Nazism and Hitler– Nazi Repression and Persecution

• Rebuilding and Rearming the New Germany

Chapter 23

• A series of international crises and German aggression, left unstopped by a West attempting to address domestic divisions and problems, led the world toward a second conflict.

The Road to War, 1931-1939

• International Affairs Break Down– Japan on the March– Italy Invades Ethiopia

• Civil War in Spain

• Trying to Cope with Germany– Appeasement at Munich– Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

Chapter 23

• In September 1939, post-war tensions became too great and exploded in a second war which surpassed the first in terms of civilian suffering and devastating weaponry.

World War II, 1939-1945

• Triumph of the German Blitzkrieg– The Battle of France– The Battle of Britain

• War in North Africa and the Balkans

• Operation Barbarossa: Germany Invades the Soviet Union

• Japan Attacks– The U.S. Enters the War

World War II, 1939-1945

• Behind the Lines: The Struggle and the Horror– Hitler’s “New Order”– The Holocaust– Life and Death in the Camps– Collaboration and Resistance– Mobilizing the Home Fronts

World War II 1939-1945

• Turning the Tide of War– The Eastern Front and the Battle of Stalingrad– The Mediterranean– The Western Front and the D-Day Invasion– Germany Defeated– The War in the Pacific– The Atomic Bomb

Chapter 24

• The end of the war brought a division of the world into two camps-socialist and capitalist-with Western Europe oriented toward the United States and Eastern Europe toward the Soviet Union, although tension between the two infected the entire international arena.

From Peace to Cold War

– Europe in Shambles

• The Settlement– Discord Over Eastern Europe

• Origins of the Cold War– The Berlin Blockade and Division of Germany– The Cold War Spreads– Cold War Weapons

From Peace to Cold War

• The Global Impact of the Cold War– The Cold War in Asia– The Korean War– The Vietnam War– China’s “Great Leap Forward”– Mao’s Cultural Revolution– The Chinese-Soviet Split– Soviets in Afghanistan– The Cold War in Latin America– Crisis in Cuba

• Detente

Chapter 24

• Cold War differences were reflected in two main courses of recovery: in Eastern Europe, economic planning under the direction of the Communist party, and in Western Europe, a free market with governmental controls.

East and West: Two Paths to Recovery in Europe

• Tight Control in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe– The Death of Stalin and New Opportunities– Protests and Uprisings in Eastern Europe– The Berlin Wall– The Prague Spring

• Parliamentary Politics and Prosperity in the Western Democracies– U.S. Aid and Economic Recovery– The Welfare State– Beginning European Economic Integration

East and West: Two Paths to Recovery in Europe

• The Paths Taken– The Eastern-Bloc Nations– Western Europe

• National liberation movements weakened Europe’s colonial control in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

The Twilight of Colonialism

• Revolts in Southern Asia– India– Indonesia– Vietnam

• Conflict in the Middle East– Palestine– Israel Founded– Egypt

The Twilight of Colonialism

• Liberating Africa– The French in North Africa– Britain Dismantle its Empire– Rhodesia and South Africa– The Legacy of Colonialism

Chapter 24

• As People attempted to understand their lives and culture during this period of profound political change, a sense that all truth was relative to the individual, to time, and to place emerged.

A Sense of Relativity in Thought and Culture

• Existentialism: Responsibility and Despair– Sartre and Camus– Theater of the Absurd

• A Culture of Contrasts and Criticism– Cinema– Art– Literature and Music– Americanization

Chapter 24

• Social protest combined with changing economic indicators to redefine domestic politics and society.

• A Flurry of social Protests and Movements– The Civil Rights Movement– Student Movements– The Women’s Liberation Movement

Protests, Problems, and New Politics: The 1960’s to the 1980’s

• Stagnant Growth and Rising Inflation– The Oil Crisis– Growing Unemployment– Turning Against Immigrants

• The New Political Landscape– Turning to the Left– Turning to the Right– Terrorism

Chapter 24

• In the West, traditional manufacturing industries were being replaced by financial, health, educational, informational, and consumer services, which produced a number of economic, social, and cultural transformations.

Postindustrial Society

• Changing Fortunes in the Postindustrial Society– Growing Unemployment

• The Baby Boom and the Booming Cities

• The Shifting Foundations of Family and Private Life– Growing Concern for Private Satisfactions

• The “Sexual Revolution” and the Youth Culture

Breakthroughs In Science

• “Big science,” made possible by links between government, industry, and universities, achieved stunning technological and medical breakthroughs in the post-war decades.

– The Rise of Big Science

• From the Universe Above to the Universe Within• The Information Revolution• Transforming Medicine