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Chapter 22, 23, 24
Biodiversity
Key Concepts Ch. 22
Human effects on biodiversity
Importance of biodiversity
How human activities affect wildlife
Management of wildlife
Human Impacts on Biodiversity
Fig. 22-2 p. 561
Increasing Biodiversity
Physically diverse habitat
Moderate environmental disturbance
Small variations in conditions
Middle stages of ecological succession
Decreasing Biodiversity
Environmental stress
Large environmental disturbance
Extreme environmental conditions
Severe limiting factors
Introduction of alien species
Geographic isolation
US Diversity
Fig. 22-3 p. 562
Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity
Species approach
Ecosystem approach
Fig. 22-5 p. 563
Species Extinction
Local extinction
Ecological extinction
Biological extinction
Endangered and Threatened Species
Endangered species
Threatened (vulnerable) species
Rare species Fig. 22-7 p. 564
Florida manatee
Northern spotted owl (threatened)
Gray wolf Florida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa)
© 2004 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Extinction Risks
Factors: population size, habitat, and genetics
Population viability analysis
Minimum viable population
Minimum dynamic area
Characteristics of extinction-prone species (refer to Fig. 22-8 p. 566)
Extinction Rates
Background (natural) rate of extinction
Massextinction
Adaptiveradiations
Why Should We Care About Biodiversity?
Instrumental value
Intrinsic value
See Spotlight p. 571
Fig. 22-10p. 569
Causes of Depletion of Wild Species
Human population growth
Failure to value the environment or ecological services
Increasing per capita resource use
Increasing use of Earth’s primary productivity
Poverty
Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species
Habitat degradation
Introduction of non-native species
Fig. 22-12p. 572
Threats from Nonnative Species
Arrival
Roles of non-native species
Examples(p. 576)
See Connections p. 577 and Case Study p. 579 Fig. 22-19 p. 579
Other Extinction Threats
Hunting and Poaching
Predators and Pest Control
Exotic Pets and Decorative Plants
Climate Change and Pollution
Protecting Wild Species: The Research and Legal Approaches
Bioinformatics
International Treaties: CITES
National Laws: Lacey ActEndangered Species
Act Habitat conservation plans
Protecting Wild Species: The Sanctuary Approach
Wildlife refuges and protected areas
Zoos and Aquariums
Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms
Wildlife Management
Laws regulating hunting and fishing
Harvest quotas
Population management plants
Improving habitat
Treaties and laws for migrating species
Key Concepts Ch. 23
Human land use
Types and uses of US public lands
Forests and forest management
Implications of deforestation
Management of parks
Establishment and management of nature preserves
Importance of ecological restoration
Land Use in the World
Fig. 23-2p. 595
Land Use in the United States
Fig. 23-3 p. 595Fig. 23-3 p. 595
Rangeland and pasture 29%
Types of US Public Lands
Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands
Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges
Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System
US Public Lands
Fig. 23-4p. 596
Managing US Public Land
Biodiversity and ecological function
No subsidies or tax breaks for use
Public should get fair compensation
Users held responsible for actions
Takings and property rights
Managing and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of Forests
Food webs and energy flow
Water regulation
Local and regional climate
Numerous habitats and niches
Air purification
Managing and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of Forests
Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)
Industrial timber and lumber
Pulp and paper
Medicines
Mineral extraction and recreation
Forest Structure
Fig. 23-9 p. 601
Types of Forests
Old-growth (frontier) forestsSecond-growth forestsTree farms/plantation Fig. 23-18 p. 609
Forest Management
Even-aged managementIndustrial forestryUneven-aged managementImproved diversitySustainable productionMultiple-use
Rotation cycle
Management Strategies
Fig. 23-11 p. 601
Fig. 23-12 p. 602
Logging Roads
Increased erosion and runoffHabitat fragmentationPathways for exotic speciesAccessibility to humans
Fig. 23-13 p. 602
Harvesting Trees
Selective cutting
High-grading
Shelterwood cutting
Seed-tree cutting
Clearcutting
Strip cutting Fig. 23-14 p. 603
Sustainable Forestry
Longer rotations
Selective or strip cutting
Minimize fragmentation
Improved road building techniques
Certified sustainable grown(See Solutions p. 598)
Pathogens
Fungal Diseases
Insect Pests
Bark beetles
Gypsy moth
Chestnut blight
Dutch elm disease
Fire
Surface fires Crown fires
Fig. 23-17 p. 607
Forest Resources and Management in the United States
Habitat for threatened and endangered species
Water purification servicesRecreation 3% of timber harvestSustainable yield and multiple useSubstitutes for tree products
Tropical Deforestation
Rapid and increasing
Loss of biodiversity
Cultural extinction
Unsustainable agriculture and ranching
Clearing for cash crop plantations
Commercial logging
Fuelwood
Degradation of Tropical Forests
Fig. 23-22p. 615
Reducing Tropical Deforestation
Identification of critical ecosystems
Reducing poverty and population growth
Sustainable tropical agriculture
Encourage protection of large tracts
Debt-for-nature swaps
Less destructive harvesting methods
The Fuelwood Crisis
Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants Burning wood more efficiently Switching to other fuels
Fig. 23-25 p. 618
Managing and Sustaining National Parks
Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity
Invasion by exotic species Popularity a major problem Traffic jams and air pollution Visitor impact (noise) Natural regulation Better pay for park staff
Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves
Include some moderate disturbance
Sustain natural ecological processes
Protect most important areas
Buffer zones
Gap analysis
Wilderness areas
See Solutions p. 625
Ecological Restoration
Ecological restoration
Restoration ecology
Rehabilitation
Replacement
Creating artificial ecosystems
Natural restoration
See Individuals Matter p. 630
Key Concepts Ch. 24
Economic and ecological importance
Effects of human activities
Protecting and sustaining aquatic diversity
Protecting and sustaining fisheries
Protecting and restoring wetlands
The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity
Coral reefs
Estuaries
Deep ocean floor
Food items
Many chemicals
Medicines and drugs
Fig. 24-2 p. 636
Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity
Species loss and endangerment
Marine habitat loss and degradation
Freshwater habitat loss and degradation
Overfishing
Nonnative species
Pollution and global warming
Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity
Protect endangered and threatened species
Establish protected areas
Integrated coastal management
Regulating and preventing ocean pollution
Sustainable management of marine fisheries
Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries
Fishery regulationsEconomic approachesBycatch reductionProtected areasNonnative speciesConsumer informationAquaculture
See Spotlight p. 650
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands
Regulations
Mitigation banking
Land use planning
Wetlands restoration
Control of invasive species
See Individuals Matter p. 652
Fig. 24-12 p. 653
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes
Pollution
Invasive species
Water levels
Cultural eutrophication
Fig. 24-13 p. 655
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Rivers
Pollution
Disruption of water flow
Loss of biodiversity
Fig. 24-14 p. 656
Invasive species