Chapter 21 – World War I

Section 1 – World War I Breaks Out

Causes of the War MANIA

M = Militarism Glorification of military strength

A = Alliances Agreement between countries to work together for the benefit of each country

N = Nationalism Extreme Pride in ones Nation or State. Often seen by Flags, National Anthems,

and other Signature Items I = Imperialism

Domination of One Country over another in terms of Political, Economic, or Cultural Life

A = Assassination Deliberate Murder of a High Ranking Government Official

Militarism and Alliances Germany

Otto Von Bismarck Unite German States

Build up military France

Build up Navy Britain

Disputes Settled on battlefield Arms race

Larger armies More powerful weapons

Promises to aid the other Germany – Austria = Dual Alliance France – Russia – Great Britain = Triple Entente

Nationalism and Imperialism Balkans

Unstable Powder Keg of Europe One spark to set it off

Albanians, Greeks, Romanians, Slavs Greeks revolt 1820 Romania 1859 Bulgarians, Montenegrins, Serbs – Staked claims to nationhood

Austria-Hungary Occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina

Also claimed by Serbia

Imperialism Germany vs. France

Alsace-Lorraine Africa

Could only expand by taking land from France/Britain

Assassination June 1914

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Visited Sarajevo

Serbian Nationalist Gavrilo Princip The Black Hand

Franz Joseph Ruler of Austria-Hungary Offers list of 12 harsh demands to Serbia

Meet all but 1 July 28th, 1914

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

Weapons and Innovations Major innovations in weaponry prior to outbreak of WWI:

Smokeless gun-powder Artillery with high rounded trajectory Machine Gun- 1st automatic was introduced in 1884 by Hiram Maxim

(fired 600 rounds/minute) Rifles-improved by the invention of smokeless powder, and magazines

The Great War Germany supports Austria-Hungary

Kaiser Wilhelm

Russia honors alliance - Serbia Slav Nations

Global War Allied Powers – Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary

Known as the Great War, later renamed World War I

The Conflict Expands On July 29

Russia began mobilizing Germany demands Russia stop Russia refused

Russia’s ally, France began to ready troops, as did Germany

August 1, Germany declared war on Russia Germany had long prepared for this day To avoid a 2 front war, Germany developed a first-strike strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan

Schlieffen Plan Quick sweep through France to knock the French out of the war and keep British across English

Channel, then the German army would turn east and defeat Russia

Germany marched through Belgium A country whose neutrality was protected by an international treaty This invasion brought the British into the conflict on August 4th

1914

War Reaches a Stalemate Kaiser Wilhelm

“home before the leaves have fallen from the trees” Germans

Sweep through Belgium and Northern France September

30 miles of Paris Western Front

First Battle of the Marne French and British forces stop the German advance Both sides then dug in and fortified their lines

Relatively equal in size and strength, the two sides reached a bloody stalemate

Trench Warfare Trench Warfare

Muddy, rat-infested trenches Artillery Barrages

“No-man’s land” Barbed Wire and Mines Soldiers

“Over the top”

Neither side able to gain more than a few miles for months

In just 1st 5 months of war Approx. 1 million French soldiers were seriously injured or killed

Eastern Front Eastern Front

Poorly-armed Russian army invaded Germany and Austria-Hungary Russia’s early victories

Frightened Germany Soldiers sent to Eastern Front ahead of schedule German army pushes the invading Russian armies back

By end of 1914

Modern Warfare Machine Guns

Vickers, Hotchkiss, & Lewis (British) Browning Machine Gun (American)

Shot 450 rounds per minute Water Cooling Jackets Used Ammunition Belt to Feed Bullets Usually Team of 2-6 Used Tri-pods

Modern Warfare Continued Poison Gases

Chlorine Gas 1st released by German army Shot into Allied trenches in April of 1915

Mustard Gas was used later on

Tanks 1st used by British in 1915

Mobility to the Western Front Had Caterpillar Tracks

Cross Tough Terrain

Combat Trench Warfare Machine Guns Troop Movement

New Weapons Submarines – German U-Boats

Avoid Munitions from getting to Britain Commercial ships Military ships

Airplanes Scout positions Later – Machine Guns

5 kills by Pilot = Aces Germany

Manfred Von Richthofen Red Baron 80 Kills

Americans 55 primitive planes

Edward Rickenbacker 26 Kills

1916 Offensives Germans

“bleed the French army white” Targeted

Verdun 21 hour artillery barrage

1 million shells fired 1 million troops

French – 200,000 Back and forth for months

Allies Battle of the Somme Exhaust enemy reserves British

60,000 casualties in single day 4 month long battle

1 million dead and wounded Disease – Lice and Rats

Section 2 – The United States Goes to War

U.S. Neutrality European matter

Great Britain Propaganda Germans

Brutal Killers

British Blockade Mines in North Sea

Germany Blockade “War zone” around Britain German U-Boats

Germany accountable for any injury to American lives or property on the high seas

U.S. Involvement March 28, 1915

British passenger ship 100 people 1 American

May 7th, 1915 Lusitania

128 Americans “Savages drunk with blood”

Germans Lusitania

Transporting armament for Britain

Wilson Pledges to stop unrestricted submarine warfare

Secretary of State - William Jennings Bryan Resigns

The Road to War March 1916

French Vessel Sussex

Sussex Pledge Would not sink liners without warning or without ensuring passengers safety

Teddy Roosevelt “weakness and cowardice”

William Jennings Bryan Commercial and Trade policies helped allies

American Banks Loaned billions to Britain and France

Robert Lansing Encouraged trade with allies $500 million

Preparedness and Peace “Preparedness” Program

Military

National Defense Act 90,000 – 175,000 Goal of 223,000

National Guard 450,000 troops

$313 Million Build up the Navy

Wilson reelection “He kept us out of War” Narrowly defeats Charles Evan Hughes

Peace without victory Nations rejected Wilson as mediator

Diplomatic relations Broken/U.S. Declares War

German U-Boats Full scale warfare Defeat fleet before U.S. joins war

Wilson Arms American merchant ships U-Boats sink 5 American ships

German foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman Zimmerman Note

April 2nd, 1917 Asked Congress to declare war

April 4th, 1917 Senate declares War House follows 2 days later

Not unanimous

Jeanette Rankin – Montana

Mobilizing U.S. Military Power Selective Service Act

21-30 register Later 18-45 End of WWI

24 million had registered 2.8 were drafted More than ½ who served were draftees

10,000 American Indians 1924 – Citizenship

370,000 African Americans Block from Marines Cooks in Navy Not integrated

Over There American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Regular Army National Guard Draftees and Volunteers

General John J. Pershing U.S. fight as a separate unit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXsZp24jk2E

July 4, 1917 “Yanks” Paris, France Marquis de Lafayette

Convoy System 2 million soldiers Not 1 died as a result of attack on high seas

Section 3 – The War at Home Costs $35 billion

Including leans to Allies

Liberty bonds & Victory bonds

Increased taxes $10 billion for the war

William McAdoo Secretary of the Treasury

Food Administration Herbert Hoover

Granted farmers high prices Wheatless and meatless days Victory Gardens

Fuel Administration Harry Garfield

Organizing Industry/Mobilizing Workers

War Industries Board (WIB) Bernard Baruch

Wall Street Investor

National War Labor Board (NWLB) AFL – 2 million to 3.2 million Women

6 percent 1.5 million American Women

Juliette Gordon Low Girl Scouts of America Peach pits

Gas mask filters

Great Migration Great Migration

African Americans from South to Northern cities from 1915 to 1930 Papers encouraged migration

Committee on Public Information (CPI) George Creel Propaganda campaign

Support the War

Hollywood The Claws of the Hun The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin

Education Teaching English and U.S. History and Government

Patriotic duty

Suppressing Opposition Quakers and Mennonites

Opposed war Pacifism

Politicians Jeannette Rankin Robert La Follette Jane Addams

Socialist Party Eugene Debs

10 years for making speech against the war

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Espionage and Sedition Acts Illegal “utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal or abusive language criticizing the

government”

Section 4 – The War’s End and Aftermath

End of Romanov Dynasty Tsar Nicholas II

Bolsheviks: Radical Russian Socialists Group

November 1917 seize power Opposed the War

Hammer & Sickle: Represent Nations Workers & Peasants Star Represents the Rule of the Communists Party

Vladimir Lenin Bolshevik Leader Signs Brest-Litovsk Treaty in 1918

Removed Russia from War Germany can Focus on Western Front

Germany’s Spring Offensives Luderndorff

March 21, 1918 1 Million German Soldiers

 6,000 Artillery Pieces Big Bertha's

2,100 - pound shell, 9 miles

By May 50 miles from Paris

General Pershing U.S. troops under French Command

Marshal Ferdinand Foch Chateau-Thierry on June 3-4

Saves Paris

Final Assault July 15 3 days later – American led counterattack

Allied Victory Battle of the Argonne Forest

120,000 American casualties Lost Battallion

Cher Ami “Dear Friend” African American troops

369th Infantry Croix de Guerre (Cross of War)

Morale Sags Mutinies German Chancellor – asks for armistice November 9th – Kaiser Wilhelm gives up throne

Armistice Evacuate Alsace-Lorraine, Belgium, France, and Luxembourg Surrender Military equipment

Cease fire 11th hour, of the 11th day, of the 11th month

Wilson’s 14 points Fourteen Points

Program for World Peace 9 dealt with self-determination

Right of people to govern themselves 5 dealt with causes of modern war

Secret diplomacy, arms race, trade barriers Final Point – League of Nations

International body to prevent offensive wars Allies and Germans refuse

Big Four Wilson, David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau(France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Germany – reparations

Violates 14 points

League of Nations No U.S. representation

Global Impact of the War Treaty of Versailles

June 28, 1919

8.5 Million Dead

21 Million Wounded

Germany Inflation Food shortages

Balfour Declaration Jewish homeland in Palestine