Chapter 21 Chapter 21 The Great Depression and the The Great Depression and the New DealNew Deal

What you will learn today…

I CAN TRACE EVENTS THAT LED TO THE BEGINNING OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

I Can discuss Reasons for the economic tailspin

Warm UpWarm Up

Read “Witness History” on page Read “Witness History” on page 702 and answer…702 and answer…

Why might Americans have Why might Americans have invested their money in stocks invested their money in stocks instead of putting it into savings instead of putting it into savings accounts?accounts?

Stock Exchange: buying and Stock Exchange: buying and selling sharesselling shares

Record levels in Sept. 1929Record levels in Sept. 1929

Stock bought on marginStock bought on margin

Borrowed from brokers, who Borrowed from brokers, who borrowed from banksborrowed from banks

If the value fell, no $ to pay If the value fell, no $ to pay loansloans

Investors began selling, stock prices fell

Brokers demanded payment, investors forced to sell stock

October 21-23: millions of shares sold per day

October 24th, 1929 “Black Thursday”

13 million shares sold

October 29th 16 million shares exchanged hands

Stock prices plummeted

NYSE closed for a few days

Great Depression

Nations economic output

1929: $104 billion

1932: $58 Billion

What caused the economic tailspin? 4 reasons1. Unbalanced economy

farm income, textile, lumber, mining, railroads all declined in early 1920’s

Auto workers laid offGrowing gap between rich and

most Americans1929: 1% owned 1/3 of $75% in poverty level

2. Credit Crisis

Small banks suffered from defaults on loans

1930-1933 9,000 banks closed

millions lost money (no FDIC)

3. International Depression

European companies borrowed from American banks

To repay U.S. WWI debts

4. Joblessness and poverty4. Joblessness and poverty

By 1932, 25% unemployedBy 1932, 25% unemployed

Shantytowns or HoovervillesShantytowns or Hoovervilles

Horrible conditions for poor Horrible conditions for poor

Churches, charities, and Churches, charities, and volunteers worked to provide volunteers worked to provide reliefrelief

Governments held some of Governments held some of the wages for soup kitchensthe wages for soup kitchens

What did you learn? What did you learn?

Can you trace the events that led to Can you trace the events that led to the Great Depression ?the Great Depression ?

Can you discuss Reasons for the Can you discuss Reasons for the economic tailspin?economic tailspin?

Group WorkGroup Work Read page 704-5 and answer #1-2 Read page 704-5 and answer #1-2

in notebooksin notebooks

After watching 102 Minutes that Changed After watching 102 Minutes that Changed America…America…

How did it make you feel watching the How did it make you feel watching the events unfold?events unfold?

Did this video help you remember what Did this video help you remember what happened on 9-11-01?happened on 9-11-01?

What will you not forget about what you What will you not forget about what you saw?saw?

Thursday September 10Thursday September 10

Warm Up: Read Witness History on Warm Up: Read Witness History on page 709 and answer….page 709 and answer….

What does Charley Bull suggest What does Charley Bull suggest about life for people who left home about life for people who left home to become hobos?to become hobos?

In Class AssignmentIn Class Assignment

Read Sections 1-2 and take notes we Read Sections 1-2 and take notes we haven’t covered yet. haven’t covered yet.

Homework to put in notebooks:Homework to put in notebooks: P. 704-5 #1-2P. 704-5 #1-2 P. 708 #4-6P. 708 #4-6 p. 711 #1-2p. 711 #1-2 (Notice the Hooverville in Seattle on (Notice the Hooverville in Seattle on

page 713)page 713) P. 717 #4-6P. 717 #4-6

What you will learn… (Chapter 21 Sec 3)What you will learn… (Chapter 21 Sec 3)

What you will learn…. I can describe how What you will learn…. I can describe how the American people reacted to Hoover’s the American people reacted to Hoover’s relief programs.relief programs.

Warm Up: Read Warm Up: Read Rugged Individualism Rugged Individualism p p 720 and answer in notes… Why did Gray 720 and answer in notes… Why did Gray depict Annie as determined and self-depict Annie as determined and self-reliant?reliant?

Hoover Turns to VolunteerismHoover Turns to Volunteerism Asked businesses to keep employment, Asked businesses to keep employment,

wages and prices samewages and prices same Government to reduce taxes, lower Government to reduce taxes, lower

interest interest

rates, create public works programrates, create public works program

Too many people, too much help needed, Too many people, too much help needed, charity not enough for current problemcharity not enough for current problem

Turns to More Activist policiesTurns to More Activist policies

Reconstruction Finance Reconstruction Finance Corp.Corp. 1932 Hoover and Congress established 1932 Hoover and Congress established

Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Reconstruction Finance Corporation. With an initial working capital of 1/2 billion With an initial working capital of 1/2 billion

dollars, this agency became a government dollars, this agency became a government lending bank designed to provide indirect lending bank designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and hard banks, agricultural organizations, and hard pressed state and local governments. (Hoover pressed state and local governments. (Hoover Dam)Dam)

(Trickle Down Economics)(Trickle Down Economics) Socialists and communists surgeSocialists and communists surge Fascists lose appealFascists lose appeal

Bonus MarchBonus March

Veterans from as far west as Oregon Veterans from as far west as Oregon journey to Washington D.C., to demand journey to Washington D.C., to demand immediate payment of WWI bonuses. immediate payment of WWI bonuses.

Stayed in Washington until 1932. Stayed in Washington until 1932. General Pelham Glassford had led some General Pelham Glassford had led some

of the veterans and called them his of the veterans and called them his boys. boys.

Veterans camped on the Anacostia Flats Veterans camped on the Anacostia Flats near Potomac River.near Potomac River.

General Douglas General Douglas MacArthur MacArthur

Hoover refused to meet with veteran Hoover refused to meet with veteran leaders; he ordered army to tear down leaders; he ordered army to tear down the camp. the camp.

Tear gas used to clear out the Tear gas used to clear out the veterans and their families. veterans and their families.

General MacArthur used force against General MacArthur used force against veterans; Hoover’s image tarnished.veterans; Hoover’s image tarnished.

Book Work: read page 723 and 725 and Book Work: read page 723 and 725 and answer two critical thinking questions for answer two critical thinking questions for eacheach

Do #4-6 on page 724 Do #4-6 on page 724

What did you learn… (Chapter 21 Sec 3)What did you learn… (Chapter 21 Sec 3)

Reflective WritingReflective Writing Describe how the American people Describe how the American people

reacted to Hoover’s relief programs?reacted to Hoover’s relief programs?

What you will learn… (Chapter 22 Sec 1)What you will learn… (Chapter 22 Sec 1)

I Can describe the programs that were I Can describe the programs that were part of the first New Deal and their part of the first New Deal and their immediate impact.immediate impact.

I can identify critical responses to the I can identify critical responses to the New DealNew Deal

Warm Up: Read Warm Up: Read Overcoming Fear Overcoming Fear on on page 732 and answer… What was the page 732 and answer… What was the main goal of Roosevelt’s speech? main goal of Roosevelt’s speech?

Election 0f 1932 (Chapter Election 0f 1932 (Chapter 22 Sec 1)22 Sec 1)

Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) vs. Herbert Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) vs. Herbert Hoover (Republican). Hoover (Republican).

Hoover was the incumbent president presiding Hoover was the incumbent president presiding over the worst economic collapse in the over the worst economic collapse in the nation’s history. nation’s history.

The campaign took place against the The campaign took place against the background of Great Depression. background of Great Depression.

Roosevelt campaigned vigorously to prove that Roosevelt campaigned vigorously to prove that despite his disability he could vigorously despite his disability he could vigorously undertake the job of President. undertake the job of President.

Hoover tried to depict Roosevelt as an Hoover tried to depict Roosevelt as an extremist who would bring ruin to the country, extremist who would bring ruin to the country, but with 1/4 of work force unemployed, but with 1/4 of work force unemployed, Roosevelt won an overwhelming victory.Roosevelt won an overwhelming victory.

Key Quotes: FDR’s Inauguration Key Quotes: FDR’s Inauguration SpeechSpeech

This Nation asks for action, This Nation asks for action, and action now. Our and action now. Our

greatest primary task is to greatest primary task is to put people to work. I shall put people to work. I shall

ask congress for broad ask congress for broad executive power to wage executive power to wage

wars against the wars against the emergency.emergency.

The Hundred Days The Hundred Days Roosevelt called for steep cuts in Roosevelt called for steep cuts in

federal spending and a balanced budget federal spending and a balanced budget during his campaign, but he later built during his campaign, but he later built large deficits in building government large deficits in building government programs to deal with the Depression. programs to deal with the Depression.

First Three Months of FDR’s First Three Months of FDR’s Administration, 1933. Administration, 1933.

Burst of Congressional legislative action Burst of Congressional legislative action to address problems of the Depression. to address problems of the Depression.

Focus on RELIEF and RECOVERY.Focus on RELIEF and RECOVERY.

The First New Deal 1933-The First New Deal 1933-3434

Emergency ActionEmergency Action Bank Holiday.Bank Holiday.

March 1933. March 1933. Closed Banks for reorganization. Closed Banks for reorganization. Restored Confidence in Banking. Restored Confidence in Banking. eventually created FDIC (Federal Deposit eventually created FDIC (Federal Deposit

Insurance Corp.)Insurance Corp.) focus on cooperation, pragmatism. focus on cooperation, pragmatism. political shift to the left by FDR after political shift to the left by FDR after

1935.1935.

National Recovery National Recovery Administration Administration

New Deal Agency established by President New Deal Agency established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Part of National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933; Part of National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933; led by Hugh Johnson. led by Hugh Johnson.

Established to encourage fair business practices Established to encourage fair business practices in order to help business recovery and workers in order to help business recovery and workers during Great Depressionduring Great Depression 557 basic codes affected about 22 million workers. 557 basic codes affected about 22 million workers. Cooperating companies displayed symbolic Blue Cooperating companies displayed symbolic Blue

Eagle emblem. Eagle emblem. Helped to improve labor conditions and helped Helped to improve labor conditions and helped

unionization movement. unionization movement. 1935 Supreme Court found NRA unconstitutional1935 Supreme Court found NRA unconstitutional

Agricultural Adjustment Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933 1933

subsidies for limits on production (wheat, corn, cotton)subsidies for limits on production (wheat, corn, cotton) declared unconstitutional in 1936, but revived in 1938 declared unconstitutional in 1936, but revived in 1938

with modifications to meet Court challenge.with modifications to meet Court challenge. 1st successful effort to support farm prices by gov’t 1st successful effort to support farm prices by gov’t 1st major policy to intrude on free markets. 1st major policy to intrude on free markets. Imposition of taxes on processors to pay for program. Imposition of taxes on processors to pay for program. Payment for acreage reduction/Production allotments. Payment for acreage reduction/Production allotments. Henry Wallace, Sec. of Ag. promoted program.Henry Wallace, Sec. of Ag. promoted program. Established as part of the act was the Commodity Established as part of the act was the Commodity

Credit Corporation, a crop loan and storage program; Credit Corporation, a crop loan and storage program; made price-supporting loans and purchases of specific made price-supporting loans and purchases of specific commodities. commodities.

By 1936, the farm payment had reached $1.5 millionBy 1936, the farm payment had reached $1.5 million

Tennessee Valley Tennessee Valley Authority Authority

Also known as the TVA; designed to develop and Also known as the TVA; designed to develop and improve a whole region. improve a whole region.

It affected parts of seven states in the Tennessee River It affected parts of seven states in the Tennessee River Valley. Valley.

In most areas loggers had cut down the trees loosening In most areas loggers had cut down the trees loosening soil causing mass erosion. soil causing mass erosion.

The T.V.A. replaced some of the trees to try and The T.V.A. replaced some of the trees to try and stopped erosion. stopped erosion.

Built a series of dams on the Tennessee river to control Built a series of dams on the Tennessee river to control floods. floods.

Constructed hydroelectric plants to attract more Constructed hydroelectric plants to attract more industry and provide power to homes. industry and provide power to homes.

Power companies didn’t like the government production Power companies didn’t like the government production and sale of power, they claimed it was unfair.and sale of power, they claimed it was unfair.

President Roosevelt signs the TVA Act on May 18, 1933. The president is surrounded by members of Congress from the TVA region. At his left shoulder is Senator George Norris of Nebraska, the man for whom Norris Dam is named. Senator Norris was a strong supporter of TVA.

FDR’s Employment FDR’s Employment Programs Programs

CCC Civilian Conservation Corps CCC Civilian Conservation Corps CWA Civil Works Administration -schools and CWA Civil Works Administration -schools and

roads, but:roads, but: Paid people to sweep up leaves in the parks.Paid people to sweep up leaves in the parks. Paid unemployed actors to give free shows.Paid unemployed actors to give free shows. Hired 100 people to scare pigeons away with Hired 100 people to scare pigeons away with

balloons from public buildings in Washington DC. balloons from public buildings in Washington DC. PWA Public Works AdministrationPWA Public Works Administration

Only for skilled unemployed – schools, roads and Only for skilled unemployed – schools, roads and military constructionmilitary construction

FERA, Federal Emergency Relief FERA, Federal Emergency Relief Administration Administration

What about the What about the unskilled unemployed?unskilled unemployed?

In response to being In response to being accused of ‘boondoggling’, accused of ‘boondoggling’, when he gave when he gave unemployed librarians unemployed librarians jobs cataloguing historical jobs cataloguing historical documents, Hopkins documents, Hopkins replied:replied:‘Hell, they’ve got to eat just like otherother people.’

In 1934, the CWA was shut down because In 1934, the CWA was shut down because it was wasting moneyit was wasting money

Civilian Conservation Civilian Conservation Corps Corps

"...Not a Panacea for all the "...Not a Panacea for all the unemployment, but an essential unemployment, but an essential step in this emergency..." step in this emergency..."

President Franklin Roosevelt. President Franklin Roosevelt. March 1933 13,600,000 March 1933 13,600,000

unemployed. unemployed. FDR employs 500,000 men 18-25. FDR employs 500,000 men 18-25. Work in parks and forests.Work in parks and forests.

Critic- Huey LongCritic- Huey Long The “Kingfish” Huey Long was a populist who The “Kingfish” Huey Long was a populist who

championed the cause of the working class and championed the cause of the working class and the poor. the poor.

He also served as Governor for Louisiana and He also served as Governor for Louisiana and as a U.S. Senator. as a U.S. Senator.

He was shot and killed by Dr. Carl Weiss in He was shot and killed by Dr. Carl Weiss in 1936.1936.

Critic of FDR; nicknamed “The Kingfish”; Critic of FDR; nicknamed “The Kingfish”; Promoted “Share the Wealth” Program: Tax Promoted “Share the Wealth” Program: Tax 100% of all income over $1 million. 100% of all income over $1 million.

Guarantee all citizens a car, a house, a Guarantee all citizens a car, a house, a pension, and an education. pension, and an education.

Not a practical program, but it made Long Not a practical program, but it made Long popular with the poor.popular with the poor.

Critic- Father Charles Critic- Father Charles Coughlin Coughlin

““Radio Priest” in Detroit Michigan. Radio Priest” in Detroit Michigan. Criticized FDR in weekly radio Criticized FDR in weekly radio

program. program. 10 million listeners. 10 million listeners. Critical of New Deal; especially farm Critical of New Deal; especially farm

program; Coughlin charged that an program; Coughlin charged that an international conspiracy of bankers international conspiracy of bankers existed. existed.

Fascist; Anti-Semitic overtones.Fascist; Anti-Semitic overtones.

Critic- Dr. Francis E. Critic- Dr. Francis E. Townsend Townsend

Retired California Physician Retired California Physician He wanted the government to help older He wanted the government to help older

citizens.citizens. open jobs for the younger unemployed. open jobs for the younger unemployed. He proposed that the government pay every He proposed that the government pay every

person over the age of 60 a monthly person over the age of 60 a monthly pension of $200. pension of $200.

In return the recipient would agree to retire, In return the recipient would agree to retire, also they agreed to spend the entire $200 in also they agreed to spend the entire $200 in the month. the month.

He ran for the 1936 election. He received a He ran for the 1936 election. He received a 2% popular vote.2% popular vote.

What did you learn…What did you learn… Reflective WritingReflective Writing Describe the programs that were part of the Describe the programs that were part of the

first New Deal and their immediate impact?first New Deal and their immediate impact? Identify critical responses to the New Deal? Identify critical responses to the New Deal?

Book Work: Book Work: Comparing Viewpoints page 738 #1-2Comparing Viewpoints page 738 #1-2 Info graphic page 734/5 #1-2Info graphic page 734/5 #1-2 Analyzing Political Cartoons page 737 #1-2Analyzing Political Cartoons page 737 #1-2 Chapter 22 Section 1 Assess. P 739#4-6Chapter 22 Section 1 Assess. P 739#4-6

What you will learn… (Chapter 22 What you will learn… (Chapter 22 Section 2)Section 2)

I Can explain how New Deal legislation I Can explain how New Deal legislation affected the growth of organized laboraffected the growth of organized labor

I can describe the impact of Roosevelt’s I can describe the impact of Roosevelt’s court packing plan on the course of the court packing plan on the course of the New DealNew Deal

Warm Up: Read Trying to Survive on page Warm Up: Read Trying to Survive on page 740 and answer… Why did the child write 740 and answer… Why did the child write a letter to Roosevelt? a letter to Roosevelt?

The Second New Deal 1935-The Second New Deal 1935-19381938Chapter 22 Section 2 Chapter 22 Section 2

Focus on major REFORMS to the Focus on major REFORMS to the American system. American system.

less cooperative with business. less cooperative with business. contributes to FDR’s reelection contributes to FDR’s reelection

landslide in 1936.landslide in 1936.

Nipomo, Calif. Mar. 1936. Nipomo, Calif. Mar. 1936. Migrant agricultural worker's Migrant agricultural worker's family.family.

"Seven hungry children. Mother "Seven hungry children. Mother aged 32, the father is a native aged 32, the father is a native Californian. Destitute in a pea Californian. Destitute in a pea pickers camp, because of the pickers camp, because of the failure of the early pea crop. These failure of the early pea crop. These people had just sold their tent in people had just sold their tent in order to buy food. Most of the 2,500 order to buy food. Most of the 2,500 people in this camp were destitute."people in this camp were destitute."

Harry Hopkins Harry Hopkins Hopkins rose to prominence during the Great Hopkins rose to prominence during the Great

Depression as one of President Roosevelt's Depression as one of President Roosevelt's closest advisorsclosest advisors

Social Security Act, 1935 Social Security Act, 1935 "We can never insure one hundred percent of "We can never insure one hundred percent of

the population against one hundred percent of the population against one hundred percent of the hazards and vicissitudes of life, but we have the hazards and vicissitudes of life, but we have tried to frame a law which will give some tried to frame a law which will give some measure of protection to the average citizen measure of protection to the average citizen and to his family against the loss of a job and and to his family against the loss of a job and against poverty-ridden old age."-- President against poverty-ridden old age."-- President Roosevelt upon signing Social Security ActRoosevelt upon signing Social Security Act

In addition to several provisions for general In addition to several provisions for general welfare, the new Act created a social insurance welfare, the new Act created a social insurance program designed to pay retired workers age program designed to pay retired workers age 65 or older a continuing income after 65 or older a continuing income after retirement. retirement.

Wagner Act - National Labor Wagner Act - National Labor Relations Board. Relations Board. Known as Wagner Act (Sen. Robert F. Wagner (NY-Known as Wagner Act (Sen. Robert F. Wagner (NY-

D). D). Restored labor guarantees taken away by the Restored labor guarantees taken away by the

Schechter Court Decision. Schechter Court Decision. Board supervised secret elections in plants to Board supervised secret elections in plants to

designate unions.designate unions. The NLRB could investigate employers, they could The NLRB could investigate employers, they could

issue cease and desist orders if unfair practices issue cease and desist orders if unfair practices were brought to light. were brought to light.

Created in 1935 as part of New Deal legislation.Created in 1935 as part of New Deal legislation. Right of employees to engage in collective Right of employees to engage in collective

bargaining (to negotiate as a group with employers bargaining (to negotiate as a group with employers about wages, hours and working conditions). about wages, hours and working conditions).

Auto Worker Sit-down Strikes, Auto Worker Sit-down Strikes, 1937 1937

Election of 1936Election of 1936 Kansas Governor Alfred Landon - Moderate Kansas Governor Alfred Landon - Moderate

RepublicanRepublican Alf Landon, who was a former follower of Teddy Alf Landon, who was a former follower of Teddy

Roosevelt, believed in gov’t regulation of business. Roosevelt, believed in gov’t regulation of business. poor speaker vs. the charm and political savy of FDR. poor speaker vs. the charm and political savy of FDR. Roosevelt's personality + program captivated the Roosevelt's personality + program captivated the

country, he was considered one of the most powerful country, he was considered one of the most powerful presidents in history.presidents in history.

Roosevelt won all states except Maine and Vermont. Roosevelt won all states except Maine and Vermont. This shows the growing support of the people for This shows the growing support of the people for

Roosevelt’s program for the Great Depression.Roosevelt’s program for the Great Depression.

FDR and the Court Packing FDR and the Court Packing

1937 FDR attempted to increase size 1937 FDR attempted to increase size of Supreme Court from 9 to 15. of Supreme Court from 9 to 15.

FDR faced opposition in Congress FDR faced opposition in Congress Recession of 1937-38 hurt economy. Recession of 1937-38 hurt economy. 1938 Congressional elections bring 1938 Congressional elections bring

conservative resurgence. conservative resurgence. Court begins to change from the Court begins to change from the

Conservative tone to more liberal Conservative tone to more liberal with timely retirements.with timely retirements.

FAIR LABOR STANDARDS FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT ACT

An act to maintain fair standards in the An act to maintain fair standards in the work place. work place.

Also known as Wages and Hours Law. Also known as Wages and Hours Law. Enacted by Congress in 1938. Enacted by Congress in 1938. Set a minimum wage of 25 cents, Set a minimum wage of 25 cents,

eventually raised to 1.00 in 1956.eventually raised to 1.00 in 1956. Set maximum number of hours one Set maximum number of hours one

person could work in a week : 40 hours. person could work in a week : 40 hours. Eliminates products of, “oppressive Eliminates products of, “oppressive

child labor”child labor”

The Dust BowlThe Dust Bowl During the Great Depression sections of the During the Great Depression sections of the

Midwest, from Texas to the Dakotas, got scorched Midwest, from Texas to the Dakotas, got scorched by the sun ruining wide expanses of grass and by the sun ruining wide expanses of grass and crops. crops.

the skies darkened as clouds of dust arose from the the skies darkened as clouds of dust arose from the sun-dried land. sun-dried land.

as times the clouds were so thick, train engineers as times the clouds were so thick, train engineers could not read signalscould not read signals

as far as Cleveland and Memphis people wore masks as far as Cleveland and Memphis people wore masks for protections against the “black blizzards”; sailors for protections against the “black blizzards”; sailors in the Atlantic found traces of Nebraska soil. in the Atlantic found traces of Nebraska soil.

families had to load their possessions into trucks families had to load their possessions into trucks and cars and head west because land companies and cars and head west because land companies took over what was left of their land. took over what was left of their land.

over one million people headed west looking for over one million people headed west looking for work in orchards, orange groves, and lettuce fields work in orchards, orange groves, and lettuce fields of Washington, Oregon, and California.of Washington, Oregon, and California.

What did you learn?What did you learn? Reflective WritingReflective Writing 1)Explain how New Deal legislation 1)Explain how New Deal legislation

affected the growth of organized labor?affected the growth of organized labor? 2)Describe the impact of Roosevelt’s court 2)Describe the impact of Roosevelt’s court

packing plan on the course of the New packing plan on the course of the New Deal?Deal?

Book Work: Read Events That Changed Book Work: Read Events That Changed America p 742-3 and answer Thinking America p 742-3 and answer Thinking CriticallyCritically

Political Cartoon page 746 #1-2Political Cartoon page 746 #1-2 Page 747 #4-6Page 747 #4-6

What You Will Learn… (Chapter 22 Section 3)What You Will Learn… (Chapter 22 Section 3) I Can describe how the New Deal affected I Can describe how the New Deal affected

different groups in American societydifferent groups in American society

I can analyze how the New Deal changed the I can analyze how the New Deal changed the shape of American party politicsshape of American party politics

Warm up: Read The Caring First Lady on Warm up: Read The Caring First Lady on page 748 and answer… How did Eleanor page 748 and answer… How did Eleanor Roosevelt help support FDR’s Roosevelt help support FDR’s administration?administration?

How did her work affect FDR’s popularity and How did her work affect FDR’s popularity and programs?programs?

Great Depression and African Great Depression and African Americans (Chapter 22 Americans (Chapter 22 Section 3)Section 3)

Negative Effect of AAA on black Negative Effect of AAA on black tenants. (50% unemployment)tenants. (50% unemployment)

Great Migration continues North. Great Migration continues North. ““Black Cabinet” unofficial advisors Black Cabinet” unofficial advisors

of FDR. of FDR. Eleanor Roosevelt’s “My Day” Eleanor Roosevelt’s “My Day”

writings used to promote equality.writings used to promote equality.

How successful was the New How successful was the New deal at putting USA back to deal at putting USA back to work?work?

Did it work?Did it work? New Deal programs were financed by New Deal programs were financed by

tripling federal taxes from $1.6 billion in tripling federal taxes from $1.6 billion in 1933 to $5.3 billion in 1940. 1933 to $5.3 billion in 1940.

Excise taxes, personal income taxes, Excise taxes, personal income taxes, inheritance taxes, corporate income inheritance taxes, corporate income taxes, holding company taxes and so-taxes, holding company taxes and so-called "excess profits" taxes all went up. called "excess profits" taxes all went up.

Did it work?Did it work? The most important source of New Deal The most important source of New Deal

revenue were excise taxes levied on alcoholic revenue were excise taxes levied on alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, matches, candy, beverages, cigarettes, matches, candy, chewing gum, margarine, fruit juice, soft chewing gum, margarine, fruit juice, soft drinks, cars, tires (including tires on drinks, cars, tires (including tires on wheelchairs), telephone calls, movie tickets, wheelchairs), telephone calls, movie tickets, playing cards, electricity, radios -- these and playing cards, electricity, radios -- these and many other everyday things were subject to many other everyday things were subject to New Deal excise taxes, which meant that the New Deal excise taxes, which meant that the New Deal was substantially financed by the New Deal was substantially financed by the middle class and poor people. middle class and poor people.

A Treasury Department report acknowledged A Treasury Department report acknowledged that excise taxes "often fell disproportionately that excise taxes "often fell disproportionately on the less affluent." on the less affluent."

Did it work?Did it work? New Deal taxes were major job destroyers during the New Deal taxes were major job destroyers during the

1930s, prolonging unemployment that averaged 17%. 1930s, prolonging unemployment that averaged 17%. Higher business taxes meant that employers had less Higher business taxes meant that employers had less money for growth and jobs. Social Security excise taxes money for growth and jobs. Social Security excise taxes on payrolls made it more expensive for employers to on payrolls made it more expensive for employers to hire people, which discouraged hiring. hire people, which discouraged hiring.

The National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) cut back The National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) cut back production and forced wages above market levels, production and forced wages above market levels, making it more expensive for employers to hire people making it more expensive for employers to hire people - blacks alone were estimated to have lost some - blacks alone were estimated to have lost some 500,000 jobs because of the National Industrial 500,000 jobs because of the National Industrial Recovery Act. Recovery Act.

Did it work?Did it work?

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) cut back farm The Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) cut back farm production and devastated black tenant farmers. production and devastated black tenant farmers.

The National Labor Relations Act (1935) gave unions The National Labor Relations Act (1935) gave unions monopoly bargaining power in workplaces and led to monopoly bargaining power in workplaces and led to violent strikes and compulsory unionization of mass violent strikes and compulsory unionization of mass production industries. production industries.

Unions secured above-market wages, triggering big Unions secured above-market wages, triggering big layoffs and helping to usher in the depression of 1938. layoffs and helping to usher in the depression of 1938.

More cynicism:More cynicism: For defenders of the New Deal, perhaps the most For defenders of the New Deal, perhaps the most

embarrassing revelation about New Deal spending embarrassing revelation about New Deal spending programs is they channeled money AWAY from programs is they channeled money AWAY from the South, the poorest region in the United States. the South, the poorest region in the United States. The largest share of New Deal spending and The largest share of New Deal spending and

loan programs went to political "swing" states in loan programs went to political "swing" states in the West and East - where incomes were at the West and East - where incomes were at least 60% higher than in the South. least 60% higher than in the South.

As an incumbent, FDR didn't see any point As an incumbent, FDR didn't see any point giving much money to the South where voters giving much money to the South where voters were already overwhelmingly on his side. were already overwhelmingly on his side.

More cynicism:More cynicism: Americans needed bargains, but FDR Americans needed bargains, but FDR

hammered consumers -- and millions had little hammered consumers -- and millions had little money. His National Industrial Recovery Act money. His National Industrial Recovery Act forced consumers to pay above-market prices forced consumers to pay above-market prices for goods and services, and the Agricultural for goods and services, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act forced Americans to pay more Adjustment Act forced Americans to pay more for food. for food.

FDR banned discounting with the Anti-Chain FDR banned discounting with the Anti-Chain Store Act (1936) and the Retail Price Store Act (1936) and the Retail Price Maintenance Act (1937). Maintenance Act (1937).

More cynicism:More cynicism: Poor people suffered from other high-minded Poor people suffered from other high-minded

New Deal policies like the Tennessee Valley New Deal policies like the Tennessee Valley Authority monopoly. Authority monopoly. Its dams flooded an estimated 750,000 acres, Its dams flooded an estimated 750,000 acres,

an area about the size of Rhode Islandan area about the size of Rhode Island TVA agents dispossessed thousands of people. TVA agents dispossessed thousands of people. Poor black sharecroppers, who didn't own Poor black sharecroppers, who didn't own

property, got no compensation. property, got no compensation. FDR might not have intended to harm millions of FDR might not have intended to harm millions of

poor people, but that's what happened. We poor people, but that's what happened. We should evaluate government policies according should evaluate government policies according to their actual consequences, not their good to their actual consequences, not their good intentions.intentions.

Take notes on your own from Section 3Take notes on your own from Section 3

Book Work: page 753 Government Role in Book Work: page 753 Government Role in the Economy and answer #1-2 (3 is extra the Economy and answer #1-2 (3 is extra credit)credit)

Info graphic page 754/5 and answer Info graphic page 754/5 and answer Thinking CriticallyThinking Critically

What will you learn… (Chapter 22 Section What will you learn… (Chapter 22 Section 4)4)

I Can trace the growth of radio and the I Can trace the growth of radio and the movies in the 1930s and the changes in movies in the 1930s and the changes in popular culturepopular culture

I can describe the major themes of I can describe the major themes of literature of the New Deal era.literature of the New Deal era.

Warm Up: Read Over The Rainbow page Warm Up: Read Over The Rainbow page 758 and answer… Why did the song 758 and answer… Why did the song appeal to people during the depression?appeal to people during the depression?

Chapter 22 Section 4Chapter 22 Section 4Escapism and activism in the Escapism and activism in the moviesmovies

RadioRadio Bob Hope and Jack BennyBob Hope and Jack Benny Will RogersWill Rogers The Lone RangerThe Lone Ranger The ShadowThe Shadow Fireside Chats by FDRFireside Chats by FDR War of the Worlds (some thought it was War of the Worlds (some thought it was

real)real)

Swing musicSwing music Duke Ellington, Bing CrosbyDuke Ellington, Bing Crosby

New Deal and the ArtsNew Deal and the Arts Federal Art, Federal Writers and Federal Federal Art, Federal Writers and Federal

Theater projectsTheater projects Federally funded shows free to publicFederally funded shows free to public

LiteratureLiterature Working class heroesWorking class heroes Grapes of Wrath by SteinbeckGrapes of Wrath by Steinbeck Native Son by Richard WrightNative Son by Richard Wright Plays showed struggle of working classPlays showed struggle of working class

Comic StripsComic Strips Flash Gordon, Dick Tracy, and SupermanFlash Gordon, Dick Tracy, and Superman

What did you learn?What did you learn? Can you trace the growth of radio and the Can you trace the growth of radio and the

movies in the 1930s and the changes in movies in the 1930s and the changes in popular culture?popular culture?

Can you describe the major themes of Can you describe the major themes of literature of the New Deal era?literature of the New Deal era?

Group Work: Answer the following questions..Group Work: Answer the following questions.. 1)What was the main reason for the popularity 1)What was the main reason for the popularity

for bands, movies, and radio programs during for bands, movies, and radio programs during the 1930s?the 1930s?

2)Why did the New Deal programs pay 2)Why did the New Deal programs pay unemployed artists like it paid unemployed unemployed artists like it paid unemployed carpenters and truck drivers?carpenters and truck drivers?

3)Why did many depression era novels include 3)Why did many depression era novels include working class heroes?working class heroes?

Read The Golden Age of Hollywood page 763 Read The Golden Age of Hollywood page 763 and answer the two questions. and answer the two questions.