Slide 1

Chapter 20

The Conservative Order and the Challenge of ReformCongress of Vienna agreed to hold future meetings to make sure treaty was enforced

Keep the peace and maintain legitimacyCongress of Aix-la Chapelle 1818

France proposes that foreign troops be withdrawn-Louis XVIII will never get support of the people if he is aided by foreign troops

Other powers agree since they want France to forget the revolutionary past and embrace the Bourbons againAlso discuss the Atlantic Slave Trade & Barbary Pirates

Need:

Ships

Right to board and searchProblem:

British only one with large enough navy, but dont want to give up any ships for this duty

Other countries dont want to give British the right to search ships

Tsar Alexander I

Suggests a permanent European Union and an international military force to protect against future revolutionsBritish want to stay independent in their actions and refuse to join

Lord CastlereaghForeign Minister&British representative at the Congress

The other driving force of European politics is Prince Klemens von Metternich of AustriaHe is concerned with maintaining the status quo and preventing political change1820 kings of Spain and Naples were forced by revolutionaries to accept liberal constitutions

Metternich feels this is the first step toward revolution and calls a conference of the powers at Troppau

Metternich gets Prussia and Austria to agree to the Protocol of Troppau to protect all recognized European states

Austria moves into Naples and restores king

France sends troops into Spain to bring orderMetternich would be the Austrian Foreign Minister from 1809 to 1848

He believed that people were prone to error, excess and self-serving behaviorMetternich feels that a strong government was necessary to protect society from the lurking evilLiberalsMetternich sees liberalism as leading to revolution and nationalism

Metternich is against this as a threat to the aristocratic class and to Austria itselfWhy is it a threat to the aristocratic class?

Why is it a threat to Austria?Revolution would threaten the traditional class privileges of the aristocrats as happened in France

PrivilegesNationalism was the enemy of Austria, which was made up of:GermansMagyarsCzechsItaliansPolesUkrainiansSlovenesCroatsSerbsRomaniansSlavsHe is able to pass in the German Confederation, with Prussias help, the Carlsbad Decrees

Required the members to root out subversive ideas in the universities and newspapers. Also set up spy networks to investigate liberal and radical organizations.Why is Metternich unable to stop all the change?

Too far off to stop it

Forces too powerful to stopLatin American Independence

Influenced by the Enlightenment and the American Revolution

Hope to take advantage of turmoil of Napoleonic Wars to gain independence

Movement led by middle classInitial efforts fail, but leaders wait for another possible moment

When Spain was caught up in the new constitution and invasion of Spain by France

Simon BolivarSan Martin

Why doesnt the rest of Europe help restore legitimacy to the Spanish Empire?

Countries can not do much without cooperation of EnglandEngland prefers the Spanish colonies be independent

*weakens Spain as a rival

*more countries to trade withThe newly independent nations are supported by the US with the Monroe Doctrine

Monroe DoctrineFailure of the Congress System

*Not all countries want to be involved England and France have other interests

*Make no attempt for accommodations with the new movements

*No positive ideas, only maintaining the status quo

1825 Alexander I dies

Some members of Russian officer corps brought back new ideas during the campaigns against France

Want to set up new type of government, perhaps a constitutional monarchyThese officers favor the younger brother Constantine

Had soldiers in St Petersburg shout Constantine and Constitution

Uneducated soldiers thought constitution was Constantines wife

ConstitutionConstantine had already renounced the throne in favor of his brother who became Nicholas I

Leaders of the Decembrist Revolt were executed or sent to Siberia

Nicholas I will be an autocratic ruler who claps more repression down on Russia

France 1820-1830

After Napoleon the Bourbons were restored

Louis XVIII would like to be an absolute king but is smart enough to know that is not possible

Louis XVIIIBiggest problem are the Ultras

Ultraroyalists made up of migrs who had returned and wanted their old way of life

Louis dies in 1824

New king is Charles X

An Ultra

Puts other ultras in key positions in the government

Opponents have the majority of the Chamber of DeputiesTo lessen opposition Charles and his ministers make new voting qualifications which disqualify most of the bourgeois who make up the oppositionJuly 1830 the people of Paris take to the streets & throw up barricades

Charles X abdicates

Crown-as constitutional monarch- goes to Duc of Orleans

Louis Philippe

Fought in Revolutionary army

Dad chopped in Reign

NetherlandsBelgiumUnion of Netherlands and Belgium only worked in economics

Trade, colonies and banking of Netherlands worked with manufacturing of Belgium

Netherlands supplied raw materials & markets

Belgium supplied textiles, glass and other goodsIn all other areas such as religion, language, customs, and politics everything was different

King William made Dutch the official language

Seats in Assembly equally divided, but Belgium had 75% more peopleAugust 1830 students inspired by Paris uprising begin a revolt

Working class makes them stronger

Middle class gives leadership

By end of September the Dutch mostly driven outMiddleclass dominated congress proclaims independence and sets up constitutional monarchy

Chooses son of Louis Philippe as king

England not amusedSelect instead Leopold of Saxe-Coburg

Widowed son in law of George IV of England

Marries daughter of Louis Philippe

Dutch forced to accept independence of Belgium

England pushes treaty that guarantees independence & neutrality of Belgium

Signed by Britain, Austria, Russia, France and PrussiaMetternich do not like this, but he cant fight England and France who both support Belgium

EnglandAustriaFrancePolandUnder the rule of Russia

November 1830 starts revolt

Leadership taken by nobles who want freedom from Russia, but no social changes

Collapses in September 1831ENGLAND

1820S New Tory leadership

Sir Robert Peel

Son of a cotton lord

Sensitive to needs of businessmen

Tory party will:

Reduce tariffs

Give equal rights to Catholics

Professional police force started

Biggest issue was the underrepresentation in Parliament

Less than 1/6 could vote

Entire cities had no representation

One borough, Old Sarum had 2 seats and no populationA gathering in Manchesters St. Peters Field to hear speakers on voting rights was broken up by the army-11 dead and hundreds wounded

Peterloo

Shows government's concern about social unrestAfter several attempts Whigs get Reform Bill of 1832 through Commons

Lords rejects it

Uprisings throughout England

Whigs get king to threaten Lords with creating new LordsIncreases voting by 60%

Eliminates 56 boroughs

Cuts 30 boroughs to 1 member

Gave seats to new citiesBritish address social pressure through gradual, controlled change

1835 Municipal Corporation

1833 Factory Act-no child labor