Chapter 20 National Security Policymaking

Carlos A. MoralesAP Government

Chapter 20National Security Policymaking

Foreign policy: involves choice-taking about relations with the rest of the world.

Instruments of Foreign PolicyMilitaryEconomicDiplomacy

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY

Within foreign policy, the United States has used military force to topple regimes, prevent democratic governments from toppling, and even aid in the transfer of power within other countries.

Such actions have often secured United States as an ally in other countries.

MILITARY, ECONOMIC, AND DIPLOMACY

Economic factors also play an influence on foreign policy because just like wealthy people converse with other wealthy people, the United States must make decisions regarding countries that could help America in the future.

It also dictates the importance of certain objectives such as the trade regulations and control of oil.


Diplomacy is the process in which nations carry out relationships with each other.

Negotiators usually work out treaties covering all kinds of national contracts.These include economic relations to

aid for stranded tourists.


Organization with an international membership, scope, or presence.

Two types:International nongovernmental

organizationsNongovernmental that operate internationally.Examples: International Committee of the Red

Cross, Toyota, Sony, Nintendo, etc.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Intergovernmental organizationsExamples: UN, EU, NATO, etc.

The UN, created in 1945, is an organization whose members agree to renounce war and to respect certain human and economic freedoms.


NATO- Created in 1949, an organization whose members include the United States, Canada, most Western European nations, and Turkey, all of whom agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against all.

EU- An alliance of the major Western European nations that coordinates monetary, trade, immigration and labor policies, making its members one economic unit.


The PresidentNegotiates treatiesDeploys American troops abroadAppoints US ambassadors

POLICY MAKERS

The DiplomatsSecretary of State

is the head of the Department of State and is a key advisor to the president on foreign policy.

POLICY MAKERS

National Security EstablishmentDepartment of Defense is key foreign policy

actor.Created after World War II, the Defense

Department consist of the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force.

Secretary of Defense is civilian advisor to the president on national defense matters.

Each of the services commanding officers, along with other associates, constitute the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Advise the president on military policy.

POLICY MAKERS

National Security EstablishmentCIA Agency created after World War II to

coordinate American intelligence activities abroad.

Collects information through espionage. Has involvement with other nations' internal

affairs.

POLICY MAKERS

Congress Authority to declare war, organize the armed forces,

and appropriate funds for national security. Senate ratifies treaties and confirms appointments.

POLICY MAKERS

The United States followed Isolationism until World War II. Isolationism is a foreign policy course whereby the

United States has tried to stay out of other nations’ conflicts, particularly European wars. Isolationism was reaffirmed by the Monroe Doctrine.

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEW

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEWThe Cold War

War by other than military means usually emphasizing ideological conflict.

End of WWII, US was super powerHelped Europe rebuild through the Marshall

Plan.NATO was created due to the strong military

alliance between the US and Western Europe.

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEWSoviet Union didn’t cooperate and Eastern

Europe was fell under soviet domination.Containment Doctrine arose in order to stop

the soviets expansion.Containment Doctrine is a foreign policy

strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, “contain” its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary.

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEWHeight of the Cold War was

1950During this time, industry

was manufacturing a lot more military vehicles and weapons.Known as military-industrial

complexAnd when the Soviets

produced more weaponry than the United States, the United States would use that as a reason to produce even more weapons.This was known as an arms

race.

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEWVietnam War

Communism in North Vietnam was spreading and the US tried to stop it by helping South Vietnam

Catastrophe that ended with 58,159 US servicemen fatalities.

Occurred during the Cold War Period and ended with the capture of Saigon

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEWThe Era of Détente

Supported by Richard NixonThis was a slow transformation from conflict

thinking to cooperative thinking in foreign policy strategy and policymaking.

This was done in order to ease the tensions between the superpowers, coupled with firm guarantees of mutual security.

End of the Cold War1989, President Bush speaks about integrating

the Soviet Union into the community of nations.

1989, Berlin Wall falls and East and West Germany are united.

1992, Boris Yeltsin addressed a joint session of the U.S. Congress that communism will never rise again.

West, led by the United States, won.


The War on TerrorismUnited States declared war on terrorism

following the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington

“Axis of Evil” were formed by Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.


Within American defense policy, the United States requires forces and equipment sufficient to:Win decisively a single major conflictDefend American territory against new threatsConduct a number of holding actions

elsewhere around the worldThe defense policy can be broken down into

three factors:Defense spending (Money)Personnel (Human Resources)Weapons (Technology)

THE POLITICS OF DEFENSE POLICY

Defense SpendingIt accounts for 1/5 of the federal budget


Defense Spending

Conservative

Argue that we are not

spending enough

Liberal

Argue that we are spending

too much

PersonnelAmericas defense has been based on it military

force and its weapons.


Branch PersonnelArmy 482,400

Navy 365,900

Air Force 359,700

Marines 175,000

Subtotal 1,383,000Reserves 860,900

Total 2,243,900

WeaponsMilitary weapons are not cheap!

Consist of ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), SLBMs (submarine-launched ballistic missiles), and strategic bombers.

Stealth Bombers cost $1,000,000,000Cost of building nuclear weapons has been

$5,500,000,000,000Under the terms of the INF treaty

(intermediate-range nuclear forces), there can be no more than 2,500 nuclear weapons were to be destroyed.


Decreasing Role of Military PowerSome say that nowadays, issues can’t be solved

through military force.

The hippies, uh, I mean people, believe that “soft power” is crucial to national security.“Soft power” is the ability of a country to persuade

others to do what it wants without force or coercion.

THE NEW GLOBAL AGENDA

Nuclear Proliferation Technology has allowed the

creation of nuclear weapons but the US has taken an initiative in denying these weapons to rogue states.

Countries with nuclear weapons: US, Russia, Britain, France,

China, India, and Pakistan Countries that are suspected of

having undeclared nuclear weapons:Israel and North Korea

Countries seeking nuclear weapons:Iran


International EconomyInterdependency is the modern word used to

describe international economy.Interdependency is the actions of nations that

affect one another's economic lifelines.Within international trades, tariffs are placed.

They act as special taxes that are added to imported goods that raises the price which allows American businesses and workers from foreign competition.

Balance of trade is the ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned from exports.Lately, the US has been paying more for imports

than it is receiving from exports. This is the reason the value of the dollar has declined.


International EconomyEnergy

One of our import payments is to OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is an

economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.


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Chapter 20 National Security Policymaking