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STANDARD TIME
• Who started standard time/time zones?– Railroads altered time for all of America– Standard time divided America into 4 zones– Helped railroads maintain schedules
STEEL INDUSTRY• Why was the steel industry such an important
industry?– Used in building railroad tracks– Used for barbed wire, nails, and beams for buildings
BESSEMER STEEL PROCESSnew manufacturing techniquecost less than previous methods to make steelused less than 1/7 amount of coal than older
processes used
RAILROAD STRIKE OF1877
• In July of 1877, the Baltimore & Ohio railroad cut workers’ wages by 10%
• Workers refused to run the trains the day the pay cut was to take effect (no labor union called the strike; workers themselves did)
• As news spread, workers in other cities began to strike, as well
• This threw the nation into turmoil• Federal troops were called out; dozens of
people were killed
• People began to fear labor unions• Thought union ideas might spread to workers in all
areas/jobs• Haymarket Affair occurred May 4, 1886– Unknown person threw a bomb– 7 police officers were killed– 60 people were wounded
After this riot, police arrested hundreds of union leaders, socialists and anarchists
Opposition to unions increased
Membership in Knights of Labor decreased
John D. Rockefeller
• Lived 1839 – 1937• Born to a poor family in New York state• Learned to be frugal (not wasteful)• By 1897 he had made millions of dollars• Spent most of his life donating money to several
worthy causes• MONOPOLY—Rockefeller monopolized the oil industry
by buying up his competition• TRUST—he created the Standard Oil Trust (controlled
prices of oil)
Andrew Carnegie
• Lived 1835 – 1919• Born in Scotland• Moved to Pennsylvania at age 12• His first job was in a cotton mill• Also worked in a telegraph office• Created a monopoly in steel industry– Bought companies that contributed to steel industry– Wiped out his competition
• Sweatshops– Workers labored long hours– Children were often employed (used)– Work was repetitive and boring– Work was sometimes dangerous• Small children were used to clean out insides of big
machines• Sometimes machines were turned back on before the
worker was completely out, causing injury or death
PULLMAN STRIKE
• The Pullman Strike began in 1894• Many railroad companies went bankrupt• Pullman Palace Car Company (which made
railroad cars) had to stay in business– Cut worker’s pay by 25%– Did not lower the rent it charged workers to live in
company housing– Workers took home almost no money after rent
was paid
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR
• Founded in 1886• Led for 37 years by Samuel Gompers• This group focused on improving working
conditions• Used strikes, boycotts and negotiation to gain
shorter working hours and better pay for workers
RAILROADS CAUSE CHANGES
• Railroads carried hunters across the country– Hunters killed large herds of buffalo, thereby
limiting buffalo that Indians huntedRailroads carried miners across the country
Populations were increasedland was takenIndians were pushed off their lands
Union Pacific/Central Pacific Railroads
• Union Pacific– Started in Nebraska; built toward the west– Received large grants and government loans– Hired men from many different backgrounds• The largest group of men were of Irish background