Chapter 20Chapter 20A Revolution in Politics:A Revolution in Politics:

The Era of the French The Era of the French Revolution and NapoleonRevolution and Napoleon

Aftermath of Seven Years’ WarAftermath of Seven Years’ War Peace of ParisPeace of Paris (1763) made Britain the world’s greatest (1763) made Britain the world’s greatest

colonial power, with control over Canada and lands east of the colonial power, with control over Canada and lands east of the Mississippi in North America.Mississippi in North America. This was costly!This was costly! Brits saw their role as having defended the interests of the colonists - Brits saw their role as having defended the interests of the colonists -

now they had to pay up!now they had to pay up! Stamp ActStamp Act (1765) passed to get colonists to pay, but riot ensued and (1765) passed to get colonists to pay, but riot ensued and

act was Repealedact was Repealed Inevitable conflict came from 2 different views of governing the Inevitable conflict came from 2 different views of governing the

empire:empire: Brits say ONE PARLIAMENT governs empire for good of BritainBrits say ONE PARLIAMENT governs empire for good of Britain Americans want autonomous representative assemblies - no taxation Americans want autonomous representative assemblies - no taxation

without representation.without representation. Thomas PaineThomas Paine Common SenseCommon Sense

The conflict escalated through the 1770’s The conflict escalated through the 1770’s 1776 1776 Second Continental Congress’sSecond Continental Congress’s approval of Thomas Jefferson’s approval of Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence, which , which

affirmed the Enlightenment’s emphasis on the natural rights of “affirmed the Enlightenment’s emphasis on the natural rights of “life, life, liberty and the pursuit of happinessliberty and the pursuit of happiness” ”

GAME ON!GAME ON!

American Revolutionary WarAmerican Revolutionary War A huge gamble for the colonists, whose A huge gamble for the colonists, whose

resources and forces paled in comparison with resources and forces paled in comparison with the British.the British.

Between 15-30% of the American population was Between 15-30% of the American population was comprised of comprised of loyalistsloyalists as well! as well!

PatriotsPatriots had to win support – and did – among a had to win support – and did – among a diverse group from wealthy down to poor farmers diverse group from wealthy down to poor farmers and artisans (explained why voting privileges and artisans (explained why voting privileges were broadened)were broadened)

Foreign aid was also key: Foreign aid was also key: FranceFrance eager to help eager to help out with supplies and officers to exact revenge out with supplies and officers to exact revenge against Brits (Who was sitting on the throne at against Brits (Who was sitting on the throne at the time?)the time?)

Defeat of Defeat of CornwallisCornwallis by combined American and by combined American and French forces led to Brit surrender under French forces led to Brit surrender under Treaty Treaty of Paris 1783of Paris 1783

North America, 1763-1783North America, 1763-1783

©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Forming a New NationForming a New Nation Once independent, many Americans feared a Once independent, many Americans feared a

strong central government which was seen as strong central government which was seen as similar to the British overlords.similar to the British overlords.

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation ratified in 1781 ratified in 1781 didn’t allow for a strong central government, didn’t allow for a strong central government, and sentiment grew in favor of having oneand sentiment grew in favor of having one

ConstitutionConstitution –with MANY compromises – –with MANY compromises – narrowly ratified in 1788narrowly ratified in 1788

Bill of RightsBill of Rights passed as first 10 amendments passed as first 10 amendments to the constitution in 1789 – many of these to the constitution in 1789 – many of these based on work of based on work of French PhilosophesFrench Philosophes

Impact of American RevolutionImpact of American Revolution Coincidence?Coincidence?

1789: new United States of America solidified1789: new United States of America solidified 1789: French Revolution erupts1789: French Revolution erupts

Ideas of the philosophes were attainable Ideas of the philosophes were attainable goals that could form the basis of goals that could form the basis of government government

Returning French soldiers brought back Returning French soldiers brought back ideas of ideas of popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty and and republicanismrepublicanism as workable realities as workable realities

Marquis de LafayetteMarquis de Lafayette French general who helped American French general who helped American

revolutionariesrevolutionaries Lafayette became a member of the Lafayette became a member of the Society of Society of

ThirtyThirty a club comprised of salon dwellers a club comprised of salon dwellers They were instrumental in the early days of the They were instrumental in the early days of the

RevolutionRevolution

Sexy Lafayette

Background to the French RevolutionBackground to the French Revolution When Louis XVI took over, When Louis XVI took over,

France was still the most rich France was still the most rich and influential nation in and influential nation in continentalcontinental Europe. Europe.

French commerce and French commerce and prosperity increased during prosperity increased during course of 18th century, so course of 18th century, so what caused it? what caused it?

Frustration caused by Frustration caused by existing institutions – namely, existing institutions – namely, the the OLD ORDER (OLD ORDER (Ancien Ancien regimeregime))

Estate SystemEstate System 11STST – Church – Church 22NDND = Aristocracy = Aristocracy 33RDRD – Everyone else – Everyone else

Louis, the Clergy and the nobility ride the back of the Third Estate, enslaved

I don’t like this game…

The Three Estates – First Estate (Church)The Three Estates – First Estate (Church)

Population: 130k of 24 million totalPopulation: 130k of 24 million total owned 10% of the landowned 10% of the land income = half of the state’sincome = half of the state’s exempt from taxes – “contributions” to state every 5 exempt from taxes – “contributions” to state every 5

years: less than regular taxationyears: less than regular taxation control of education and censorship of the presscontrol of education and censorship of the press enforced religious conformity when all else had enforced religious conformity when all else had

religious tolerance. religious tolerance. DividedDivided

Bishops and abbots were wealthy with political powerBishops and abbots were wealthy with political power priests and monks were poor and not influentialpriests and monks were poor and not influential

The Three Estates – Second Estate (Aristocracy)The Three Estates – Second Estate (Aristocracy) 350k of 24 million total population 350k of 24 million total population Owned 25-30% of the landOwned 25-30% of the land Under Louis XV and XVI, grew in strength holding key positions Under Louis XV and XVI, grew in strength holding key positions

in government, military, courts and high church officesin government, military, courts and high church offices The wealthiest lived at Versailles playing and enjoying leisurely The wealthiest lived at Versailles playing and enjoying leisurely

activities. activities. Divided: Divided:

Nobility of the RobeNobility of the Robe new aristocrats new aristocrats rose from ranks of bourgeoisie to purchase judgeships and become rose from ranks of bourgeoisie to purchase judgeships and become

noblesnobles Nobility of the SwordNobility of the Sword

traced noble roots back to medieval nobilitytraced noble roots back to medieval nobility tried to limit ambition of the new nobles through passage of Segur Law tried to limit ambition of the new nobles through passage of Segur Law

(1781), which limited sale of military officerships to 4th generation (1781), which limited sale of military officerships to 4th generation nobles.nobles.

Closed group – intermarriedClosed group – intermarried Exempt from all direct taxation – especially the dreaded Exempt from all direct taxation – especially the dreaded tailletaille

(household tax based on land)(household tax based on land)

The Three Estates – Third Estate (everyone else)The Three Estates – Third Estate (everyone else)

Bourgeoisie, proletariat, peasantry = roughly 96% of the population Bourgeoisie, proletariat, peasantry = roughly 96% of the population VastlyVastly divided divided

Peasants Peasants 75-80% of total population/Owned 35-40% of land75-80% of total population/Owned 35-40% of land Over half had little or no landOver half had little or no land Not serfs, but feudal obligations persisted Not serfs, but feudal obligations persisted

Skilled urban artisans, shopkeepers, wage earnersSkilled urban artisans, shopkeepers, wage earners Price revolution caused prices to rise faster than wagesPrice revolution caused prices to rise faster than wages This meant bad times for this groupThis meant bad times for this group Had much to lose – just trying to surviveHad much to lose – just trying to survive Revolts correspond with spike in price of bread, their main staple (1/3 Revolts correspond with spike in price of bread, their main staple (1/3

to 1/2 of their diet!) to 1/2 of their diet!) Thrown together in cities, where discontent grew – esp. ParisThrown together in cities, where discontent grew – esp. Paris

Bourgeoisie or middle classBourgeoisie or middle class 8% of total population/Owned 20-25% of land8% of total population/Owned 20-25% of land merchants, industrialists, bankers, professionals like lawyers, doctors, merchants, industrialists, bankers, professionals like lawyers, doctors,

writerswriters excluded from social and political privileges despite wealth and excluded from social and political privileges despite wealth and

educationeducation Several thousand at the top of this group did buy their way to Several thousand at the top of this group did buy their way to

aristocracy - this is significant!aristocracy - this is significant!

Problems Facing the Monarchy: Problems Facing the Monarchy: Civil Discontent and Enlightenment IdeasCivil Discontent and Enlightenment Ideas

In addition to shortcomings of the In addition to shortcomings of the Old Order, other issues cropped up Old Order, other issues cropped up in 1780sin 1780s Bad harvests 1787, 1788 – rising food Bad harvests 1787, 1788 – rising food

pricesprices Manufacturing depression – layoffs and Manufacturing depression – layoffs and

unemploymentunemployment Poverty – nearly 1/3 of population!Poverty – nearly 1/3 of population!

Ideas of the PhilosophesIdeas of the Philosophes Increasing criticism of existing Increasing criticism of existing

privileges, social and political institutionsprivileges, social and political institutions Literate bourgeoisie and noble elites Literate bourgeoisie and noble elites

read enlightenment textsread enlightenment texts During revolution, Enlightenment writers During revolution, Enlightenment writers

often quoted – particularly Rousseauoften quoted – particularly Rousseau

Rousseau

I’m BAAAAC

K!

Problems Facing the Monarchy: No ReformProblems Facing the Monarchy: No Reform French Parlements blocked reforms French Parlements blocked reforms

and royal edicts by not registering themand royal edicts by not registering them Louis XIV had suppressed them, but Louis XIV had suppressed them, but

under XV and XVI they gained new under XV and XVI they gained new strength along with their noble judgesstrength along with their noble judges

Made “arbitrary” decisions to bolster Made “arbitrary” decisions to bolster their own position – especially the their own position – especially the blocking of new taxes that they might blocking of new taxes that they might have to pay! have to pay!

Under Louis XIV, king could arrest and Under Louis XIV, king could arrest and imprison at will, but under the noble-run imprison at will, but under the noble-run Parlements, commoners could not get a Parlements, commoners could not get a fair trial vs. nobilityfair trial vs. nobility

King had ruled by decree for nearly 2 King had ruled by decree for nearly 2 centuries – centuries – Estates GeneralEstates General had not had not met in 2 centuries!met in 2 centuries!

Problems Facing the Monarchy: Financial CrisisProblems Facing the Monarchy: Financial Crisis Monarchy was weakening at Monarchy was weakening at

hands of aristocracy hands of aristocracy Louis XV weak and unpopular - Louis XV weak and unpopular -

lost 7 Years’ War lost 7 Years’ War In 1780s Louis XVI inherited a In 1780s Louis XVI inherited a

throne that was in major debt throne that was in major debt with no way to directly tax the with no way to directly tax the nobility or clergynobility or clergy

No effective national banking No effective national banking system to help organize financial system to help organize financial mattersmatters

Tax collection was inefficientTax collection was inefficient

Problems Facing the MonarchyProblems Facing the Monarchy Louis XVI appointed Louis XVI appointed TurgotTurgot, a physiocrat friend of Voltaire’s (1774), a physiocrat friend of Voltaire’s (1774)

He argued against mercantilism and for a more free-trade systemHe argued against mercantilism and for a more free-trade system Called for taxing all estates and didn’t support involvement in American Revolution – Called for taxing all estates and didn’t support involvement in American Revolution –

very unpopular as a result very unpopular as a result Dismissed in 2 yearsDismissed in 2 years

NeckerNecker (1777) (1777) Necker drove the government into deeper debt, borrowing to finance the war effortNecker drove the government into deeper debt, borrowing to finance the war effort He, like Turgot, wanted to expand taxation to include the first 2 estatesHe, like Turgot, wanted to expand taxation to include the first 2 estates Was popular for trying to keep price of bread downWas popular for trying to keep price of bread down He was dismissed in 1781He was dismissed in 1781

Calonne (1783)Calonne (1783) Replaced taille with a general tax on ALL landowners and confiscated church landsReplaced taille with a general tax on ALL landowners and confiscated church lands Tried calling Tried calling Assembly of NotablesAssembly of Notables, a group of aristocrats and powerful men, a group of aristocrats and powerful men Notables refuse to comply and the notables criticized him bitterlyNotables refuse to comply and the notables criticized him bitterly Calonne dismissed (1787)Calonne dismissed (1787)

BrienneBrienne appointed (1787) appointed (1787) Tries again to restructure taxationTries again to restructure taxation Parlement of Paris rejects his reformsParlement of Paris rejects his reforms They say only They say only Estates GeneralEstates General can modify taxes can modify taxes Louis and Brienne tried to replace the parlements with a new system that could override Louis and Brienne tried to replace the parlements with a new system that could override

themthem Nobles revolt; intendants refuse to act; government at standstillNobles revolt; intendants refuse to act; government at standstill Necker recalled to service in 1788, and…Necker recalled to service in 1788, and…

Louis forced to call Louis forced to call Estates GeneralEstates General to meet in May 1789 to meet in May 1789

Calling the Estates GeneralCalling the Estates General Early 1789 – Elections held Early 1789 – Elections held

for representatives at the for representatives at the Estates GeneralEstates General As a concession to 3As a concession to 3rdrd Estate, Estate,

Louis doubles their Louis doubles their representationrepresentation

Double representation for 3Double representation for 3rdrd EstateEstate

Each estate compiles Each estate compiles cahiers cahiers (ka-YAY) de doleances(ka-YAY) de doleances or or grievance listsgrievance lists

Pamphlets circulate calling for Pamphlets circulate calling for reforms e.g. reforms e.g. Abbe Sieyes (c-Abbe Sieyes (c-a-YES) a-YES) What is the Third What is the Third Estate?Estate?

What is the Third Estate? EVERYTHING! -Sieyes

Third Estate Cheated!Third Estate Cheated! 4/1789 Arrival of delegates4/1789 Arrival of delegates

Gather at Versailles with Gather at Versailles with cahiers cahiers (letters of grievance) (letters of grievance) Almost all members (delegates) of 3rd estate were Almost all members (delegates) of 3rd estate were

bourgeoisiebourgeoisie well acquainted with Enlightenment philosophy.well acquainted with Enlightenment philosophy.

5/1789 First Formal Meeting5/1789 First Formal Meeting Voting discrepancyVoting discrepancy Each estate gets 1 vote (?!)Each estate gets 1 vote (?!) Third Estate demands Third Estate demands voting by HEADvoting by HEAD

6/17/17896/17/1789 3rd estate along with a handful of liberal thinkers from 1st 3rd estate along with a handful of liberal thinkers from 1st

estate declares itself the estate declares itself the “National Assembly of France” “National Assembly of France” invites the other 2 estates to join them.invites the other 2 estates to join them.

Third Estate Triumphs!Third Estate Triumphs! 6/20/1789 Lock out!6/20/1789 Lock out!

3rd estate arrives at its designated meeting hall to 3rd estate arrives at its designated meeting hall to find it lockedfind it locked

They held meeting in nearby indoor tennis court and They held meeting in nearby indoor tennis court and took “took “Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath” ”

swore not to disband until France had a swore not to disband until France had a constitutionconstitution 6/23/89 – Standoff 6/23/89 – Standoff

King meets with all three estates and commands King meets with all three estates and commands them to meet separately and vote in traditional them to meet separately and vote in traditional manner. manner.

3rd estate refuses to leave the adjourned meeting 3rd estate refuses to leave the adjourned meeting Louis gives in 3 days later: three would meet together Louis gives in 3 days later: three would meet together

and vote by headand vote by head 3rd estate triumphs!3rd estate triumphs!

The Tennis Court Oath – J. L. DavidThe Tennis Court Oath – J. L. David

We’re not breaking this party up until we have a

CONSTITUTION!

DUDE! I think it’s da pope!

Gimme 10 down low, popey-pants!

Raise da roof!

HOLLA!

Coincidence Strengthens National AssemblyCoincidence Strengthens National Assembly Parisians and peasants join revolutionary Parisians and peasants join revolutionary

spirit!spirit! Poor harvests led to economic hardship for both Poor harvests led to economic hardship for both

groups groups National Assembly seen as a ray of hope for National Assembly seen as a ray of hope for

reform.reform. Riots and uprisings in Paris led King to call Riots and uprisings in Paris led King to call

troops from frontier garrisons back to troops from frontier garrisons back to VersaillesVersailles Parisians decide to counter threat of force with Parisians decide to counter threat of force with

force! force! 7/14/897/14/89, , storm Bastillestorm Bastille, an old prison and , an old prison and

symbol of old regime!symbol of old regime! In countryside, riots were also occurring In countryside, riots were also occurring

7/20-8/5/89 Great Fear7/20-8/5/89 Great Fear ensued as peasants ensued as peasants believed nobles hired vagrants to attack villages believed nobles hired vagrants to attack villages to protect the grain harvestto protect the grain harvest

peasants revolted against lords, burned tax rolls, peasants revolted against lords, burned tax rolls, and attacked manors and attacked manors

thousands of nobles fled France (thousands of nobles fled France (émigrésémigrés) out of ) out of fear of brigand bands designed to create havoc.fear of brigand bands designed to create havoc.

August Decrees of National AssemblyAugust Decrees of National Assembly 8/4/89 National Assembly ends feudalism 8/4/89 National Assembly ends feudalism

Nobles give up feudal rights and privilegesNobles give up feudal rights and privileges Occurs in midst of Great Fear and flight of the Occurs in midst of Great Fear and flight of the

nobles from France (nobles from France (Night of August 4Night of August 4)) 8/26/89 – National Assembly proclaims 8/26/89 – National Assembly proclaims

Declaration of Rights of Man and the Declaration of Rights of Man and the CitizenCitizen modeled after English Bill of Rights of 1689modeled after English Bill of Rights of 1689 2 years before American Bill of Rights2 years before American Bill of Rights says all men are created free and equal, says all men are created free and equal,

basically basically Secures natural rights to liberty, property, Secures natural rights to liberty, property,

security formally statedsecurity formally stated Only for MENOnly for MEN Olympe de Gouges, Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights Declaration of the Rights

of Woman and the Female Citizenof Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791, 1791 9/89 King refuses to sign any of the August 9/89 King refuses to sign any of the August

decreesdecrees

October DaysOctober Days 10/1789, speeches filled the air in Versailles10/1789, speeches filled the air in Versailles A river of pamphlets and newspapers flooded ParisA river of pamphlets and newspapers flooded Paris grain remained in short supply grain remained in short supply 10/5/89, several hundred women staged a protest against the high 10/5/89, several hundred women staged a protest against the high

price of bread at the City Hall. price of bread at the City Hall. news spread that royal soldiers at Versailles had desecrated the tricolored news spread that royal soldiers at Versailles had desecrated the tricolored

cockade to show their contempt for the National Assembly. cockade to show their contempt for the National Assembly. As the crowd grew to approximately 10,000 women, a decision was made As the crowd grew to approximately 10,000 women, a decision was made

to march to Versailles and present their grievances to the assembly and to to march to Versailles and present their grievances to the assembly and to the King. the King.

10/5-6/89 – Women’s March on the Palace of Versailles 10/5-6/89 – Women’s March on the Palace of Versailles Rugged “fish women” march 11 miles and surround palace Rugged “fish women” march 11 miles and surround palace With help of bourgeois National Guard, they take king and his family into With help of bourgeois National Guard, they take king and his family into

Paris Paris We have the baker, the baker’s wife and the little cook boy – now we shall have bread! –the fish mongers

Reforms of the National AssemblyReforms of the National Assembly 10/10/89 National Assembly moves to Paris10/10/89 National Assembly moves to Paris Judicial ReformsJudicial Reforms

no more no more parlementparlement court system. court system. New system of lower and higher courts established. New system of lower and higher courts established. Democratized system of justice. Democratized system of justice. No more torture. No more torture. Judges ELECTED for 6 year terms. Judges ELECTED for 6 year terms. Use of juries in criminal cases.Use of juries in criminal cases.

Economic ReformsEconomic Reforms uphold laissez-faire doctrine and abolish guilds.uphold laissez-faire doctrine and abolish guilds. labor unions and trade associations. labor unions and trade associations. All occupations were open to all classes. All occupations were open to all classes. No internal tolls or customs.No internal tolls or customs.

Reforms of the National AssemblyReforms of the National Assembly Religious ReformsReligious Reforms

lands confiscatedlands confiscated monasticism abolishedmonasticism abolished clergy now elected by the peopleclergy now elected by the people salaries paid by the statesalaries paid by the state Bishops reduced in number and wealth Bishops reduced in number and wealth New New Civil Constitution of the ClergyCivil Constitution of the Clergy to guide clerics to guide clerics Pope declares this hereticalPope declares this heretical many bishops and majority of clergymen follow pope’s many bishops and majority of clergymen follow pope’s

command to break from revolutionariescommand to break from revolutionaries First splinter of the ranks of revolutionariesFirst splinter of the ranks of revolutionaries

Financial ReformsFinancial Reforms No more unequal taxation No more unequal taxation Taxes now based on land and profits from trade and industry Taxes now based on land and profits from trade and industry

New paper money called New paper money called assignatsassignats (a-seen-YA) established (a-seen-YA) established

and backed by confiscated church lands and backed by confiscated church lands

Reforms of the National AssemblyReforms of the National Assembly Political Reforms - Constitution of 1791Political Reforms - Constitution of 1791

3 branches of government established – executive, judicial 3 branches of government established – executive, judicial and legislative. and legislative.

Lawmaking given to legislative branch, a unicameral house Lawmaking given to legislative branch, a unicameral house of 745 elected officials for 2 year term. of 745 elected officials for 2 year term.

King could veto all but constitutional and financial bills, but King could veto all but constitutional and financial bills, but 3x thru legislature could override king’s veto. 3x thru legislature could override king’s veto.

King’s budget limited by legislative assembly. King’s budget limited by legislative assembly. For local government, France divided into For local government, France divided into 83 departments83 departments

governed by elected local authorities. governed by elected local authorities. Voting was limited to 25 year olds and over, tax paying Voting was limited to 25 year olds and over, tax paying

males, and office limited to what amounted to middle and males, and office limited to what amounted to middle and upper class males with financial restraints. upper class males with financial restraints.

Bourgeoisie seemed to have the power! Bourgeoisie seemed to have the power!

Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly National Assembly gives way to National Assembly gives way to Legislative Legislative

AssemblyAssembly 10/1791 10/1791 L.A. recently elected under new constitutionL.A. recently elected under new constitution At this point, peasants and bourgeoisie gain At this point, peasants and bourgeoisie gain

the most from the revolution, and many the most from the revolution, and many wanted to stop herewanted to stop here

Parisians, clergy, soldiers, and aristocracy Parisians, clergy, soldiers, and aristocracy were not happy, however, and had diverse were not happy, however, and had diverse interests they wanted to see addressedinterests they wanted to see addressed

In Paris, more radical groups met to discuss In Paris, more radical groups met to discuss the perpetuation of the Revolutionthe perpetuation of the Revolution

This included This included Marat, Danton, and RobespierreMarat, Danton, and Robespierre They formed the core of the radical group known as They formed the core of the radical group known as

the the JacobinsJacobins This group wanted to end the monarchy and extend This group wanted to end the monarchy and extend

the Revolutionthe Revolution

Triumph of the RadicalsTriumph of the Radicals Foreign Intervention plays into the hands Foreign Intervention plays into the hands

of radicalsof radicals Leaders of Austria and Prussia, fearful of the Leaders of Austria and Prussia, fearful of the

spread of revolutionary ideas, made spread of revolutionary ideas, made threatening moves and issued warnings to threatening moves and issued warnings to FranceFrance

Both reactionaries and revolutionaries Both reactionaries and revolutionaries favored international war as a means to favored international war as a means to further their own causefurther their own cause

Louis XVI approaches Legislative Assembly Louis XVI approaches Legislative Assembly with a declaration of war, and they almost with a declaration of war, and they almost unanimously support itunanimously support it

With emigres gone, French troops are With emigres gone, French troops are without officerswithout officers Prussian and Austrian troops close in – Prussian and Austrian troops close in –

things look bad…things look bad… 7/1791 Louis attempts to flee to Austria 7/1791 Louis attempts to flee to Austria

(Flight to Varennes)(Flight to Varennes) He is caught and suspected of treasonHe is caught and suspected of treason Legislative Assembly imprisons Louis Legislative Assembly imprisons Louis 8/27/1791: By Declaration of Pillnitz HRE 8/27/1791: By Declaration of Pillnitz HRE

Leopold II and Fred Wm. II of Prussia say Leopold II and Fred Wm. II of Prussia say European powers WILL intervene if Louis XVI European powers WILL intervene if Louis XVI is harmed.is harmed.

Triumph of the RadicalsTriumph of the Radicals International ConflictInternational Conflict

Initially, France got butts kickedInitially, France got butts kicked Parisians feared occupation by Austria and PrussiaParisians feared occupation by Austria and Prussia Legislative Assembly calls for 20K National Guardsmen from Legislative Assembly calls for 20K National Guardsmen from

the provinces to defend Paristhe provinces to defend Paris One group, from Marseilles, arrived singing a war song, soon One group, from Marseilles, arrived singing a war song, soon

known as the known as the MarseillaiseMarseillaise As fear of defeat grew, many believed royals and As fear of defeat grew, many believed royals and

even the Legislative Assembly were betraying even the Legislative Assembly were betraying FranceFrance Radical groups in Paris organized mob attacks on the Royal Radical groups in Paris organized mob attacks on the Royal

Palace and Legislative Assembly and take King hostage Palace and Legislative Assembly and take King hostage Demanded a National Convention based on universal male Demanded a National Convention based on universal male

suffrage to decide future of governmentsuffrage to decide future of government Sans-Culottes Sans-Culottes (without knee britches) are among the most (without knee britches) are among the most

radicalradical Legislative Assembly surrenders power to these radicals, the Legislative Assembly surrenders power to these radicals, the

Paris Commune, who call for a National Convention to draw Paris Commune, who call for a National Convention to draw up a NEW constitutionup a NEW constitution

7/25/1792: 7/25/1792: Brunswick Manifesto Brunswick Manifesto issued by Duke of issued by Duke of Brunswick, commander of allied troops (Austrian and Brunswick, commander of allied troops (Austrian and Prussian) says nothing will happen to the French people if the Prussian) says nothing will happen to the French people if the king is not harmed.king is not harmed.

A sans-culotte

Triumph of the RadicalsTriumph of the Radicals Paris Commune dominates political Paris Commune dominates political

scenescene Danton assumes emergency leadership Danton assumes emergency leadership

of France during interim between of France during interim between governments. governments.

He gathered recruits to send to the front He gathered recruits to send to the front and rumors spread that while they were and rumors spread that while they were gone their wives and children would be gone their wives and children would be murdered by reactionary clergy and murdered by reactionary clergy and nobles. nobles.

Reactions to these rumors included the Reactions to these rumors included the murder of nonjuring clergy and murder of nonjuring clergy and reactionary nobles. reactionary nobles.

For 3 weeks in 9/1972, over a thousand For 3 weeks in 9/1972, over a thousand of these were killed. of these were killed.

During this time, elections for National During this time, elections for National Convention held and reactionaries stayed Convention held and reactionaries stayed away from polls in fear!away from polls in fear!

Revolutionary representatives are elected Revolutionary representatives are elected

National Convention rules France (1792-95)National Convention rules France (1792-95) Struggle between 2 radical factions – Struggle between 2 radical factions –

the Girondins and the Mountain, or the the Girondins and the Mountain, or the Jacobins following Danton, Jacobins following Danton, Robespierre and Marat. Robespierre and Marat.

They became the new right and left, They became the new right and left, respectively (originally based on seat respectively (originally based on seat positioning on right and left of speaker positioning on right and left of speaker which incidentally corresponded with which incidentally corresponded with conservative and liberal). conservative and liberal).

National Convention’s National Convention’s Accomplishments:Accomplishments: declaring France a republicdeclaring France a republic deposing the King and beheading him (and deposing the King and beheading him (and

later Marie Antoinette)later Marie Antoinette) halting the Prussian and Austrian armies by halting the Prussian and Austrian armies by

9/17929/1792 They even took offensive and took over They even took offensive and took over

Austrian Netherlands!Austrian Netherlands!

National Convention rules France (1792-95)National Convention rules France (1792-95) Almost all of Europe joined Austria Almost all of Europe joined Austria

and Prussia against France now. and Prussia against France now. This was too much for French forces to This was too much for French forces to

take. take. Many of the 83 departments rebelled Many of the 83 departments rebelled

against the National Convention, and against the National Convention, and invited other nations to overrun the invited other nations to overrun the French government French government

the Girondins were often sympathetic to the Girondins were often sympathetic to their beliefs while Mountain turned to the their beliefs while Mountain turned to the Paris government, or the Paris Paris government, or the Paris Commune for support - particularly to Commune for support - particularly to the radical the radical sans-culottessans-culottes

With urging of the sans culottes, With urging of the sans culottes, National Convention voted for the National Convention voted for the expulsion and arrest of 29 Girondin expulsion and arrest of 29 Girondin leaders to effectively get rid of the leaders to effectively get rid of the opposition in the convention. opposition in the convention.

Thus, the leaders of the mountain Thus, the leaders of the mountain inaugurated the “inaugurated the “reign of terrorreign of terror” against ” against political enemies. political enemies.

Spinning Out of Control…Spinning Out of Control… National Convention delegates National Convention delegates

unlimited powers to newly formed unlimited powers to newly formed Committee of Public Safety, Committee of Public Safety, comprised of 12 men working in comprised of 12 men working in secret. secret.

Robespierre was the leaderRobespierre was the leader At its call was the At its call was the Committee of Committee of

General Security,General Security, a national police a national police force. force.

A Revolutionary Tribunal was set up to A Revolutionary Tribunal was set up to try, condemn and execute political try, condemn and execute political dissidents. dissidents.

Perhaps half a million were imprisoned Perhaps half a million were imprisoned and 25k killed during reign of terror. and 25k killed during reign of terror.

All rebellion was effectively quelled – All rebellion was effectively quelled – the the Vendee RebellionVendee Rebellion, quite brutally, quite brutally

The On-Going War…The On-Going War… Defense of the Republic was in Defense of the Republic was in

hands of hands of Lazare CarnotLazare Carnot. . A A levee en masselevee en masse was ordered to was ordered to

get all men, women and children get all men, women and children to contribute to the war effort to contribute to the war effort

it was first national patriotic it was first national patriotic endeavor in historyendeavor in history

““liberty, equality, fraternity!” liberty, equality, fraternity!” Nationalism!Nationalism!

1794 Tricolor officially designated 1794 Tricolor officially designated the flag of Francethe flag of France

France is Reinvented!France is Reinvented! Price maximums setPrice maximums set New measures allowed peasants to New measures allowed peasants to

more easily acquire landmore easily acquire land Louvre PalaceLouvre Palace made into an art made into an art

museummuseum National library and archives National library and archives

establishedestablished New fashions replaced old regime New fashions replaced old regime

ones, titles abandoned and ones, titles abandoned and replaced with citizen. replaced with citizen.

New calendarNew calendar created with year created with year one beginning at 9/22/1792, one beginning at 9/22/1792, declaration of the republic. declaration of the republic.

Jacobins still rejected women’s Jacobins still rejected women’s participation in politicsparticipation in politics

Supreme BeingSupreme Being replaces replaces ChristianityChristianity

Robespierre’s DownfallRobespierre’s Downfall People grew discontent with RobespierrePeople grew discontent with Robespierre

Terror was intensified. Terror was intensified. Danton advised moderation, and Robespierre Danton advised moderation, and Robespierre

sent sent himhim to the guillotine! to the guillotine! Finally, the National Convention got enough Finally, the National Convention got enough

courage to send Robespierre to the guillotine courage to send Robespierre to the guillotine himself!himself!

7/27/1794, Robespierre overthrown. 7/27/1794, Robespierre overthrown. This was This was 9 Thermidor9 Thermidor in the new calendar, so in the new calendar, so

this was termed the this was termed the Thermidorian Reaction.Thermidorian Reaction. The propertied bourgeoisie, who had been The propertied bourgeoisie, who had been

silenced by Robespierre’s harsh regime, stepped silenced by Robespierre’s harsh regime, stepped up and took over. up and took over.

The Terror ended and all chief terrorists were The Terror ended and all chief terrorists were executed. executed.

Armed bands of soldiers hired by bourgeoisie Armed bands of soldiers hired by bourgeoisie killed off many Jacobins. killed off many Jacobins.

White Terror ensuesWhite Terror ensues

National Convention after RobespierreNational Convention after Robespierre After Robespierre’s downfall…After Robespierre’s downfall…

Power of Committee of Public Safety curtailedPower of Committee of Public Safety curtailed Jacobin club shut downJacobin club shut down Churches allowed to reopenChurches allowed to reopen Laissez faire economic system returnsLaissez faire economic system returns

1795: National Convention finally got around to task 1795: National Convention finally got around to task of drawing up a new constitution of drawing up a new constitution More conservative in flavor than Constitution of 1791More conservative in flavor than Constitution of 1791 Only Only property ownersproperty owners could vote for legislators could vote for legislators Executive powers were given to Executive powers were given to 5 Directors5 Directors

10/1795: National Convention turns over power to 10/1795: National Convention turns over power to new government, known as the new government, known as the DirectoryDirectory

The DirectoryThe Directory 1795-1799 Directory struggled to control 1795-1799 Directory struggled to control

governmentgovernment Under Directory, things returned to Under Directory, things returned to

practices of Old Orderpractices of Old Order Directory faced opposition on both sidesDirectory faced opposition on both sides

Royalists longed for restoration of monarchy Royalists longed for restoration of monarchy Jacobins on left searched for opportunity to Jacobins on left searched for opportunity to

take controltake control Babeuf’s Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals (1796)Conspiracy of Equals (1796)

Aimed to provoke an armed uprising of the Aimed to provoke an armed uprising of the plebeian masses against the bourgeois plebeian masses against the bourgeois regime of the Directory and establish a regime of the Directory and establish a revolutionary dictatorship as a transitional revolutionary dictatorship as a transitional stage to “pure democracy” and “egalitarian stage to “pure democracy” and “egalitarian communism.” communism.”

The conspiracy was disclosed in May 1796. The conspiracy was disclosed in May 1796. At the end of May 1797 its leaders were At the end of May 1797 its leaders were

executed.executed.

The Directory: The EndThe Directory: The End Elections in 1797 led to Elections in 1797 led to

more uncertainty as more uncertainty as economy tanked and war economy tanked and war dragged.dragged.

The Directory had to rely The Directory had to rely increasingly on the increasingly on the military to keep civil peacemilitary to keep civil peace

People of France wanted People of France wanted order after years of turmoilorder after years of turmoil

Triggered Triggered coup d’etatcoup d’etat that that brought Napoleon to brought Napoleon to power in 1799power in 1799

Age of NapoleonAge of Napoleon Hailed from Hailed from CorsicaCorsica, which was , which was

recently annexed by the Frenchrecently annexed by the French From minor noble family From minor noble family Disliked by his classmates for Disliked by his classmates for

his height, his Italian accent and his height, his Italian accent and his lack of moneyhis lack of money

Military background Military background

Napoleon’s Meteoric RiseNapoleon’s Meteoric Rise 1792: made a captain and in only one 1792: made a captain and in only one

year was named year was named brigadier generalbrigadier general for his skill w/artilleryfor his skill w/artillery

1795: at the age of 26 he saved 1795: at the age of 26 he saved National Convention from Parisian National Convention from Parisian mobmob

1796: made commander of French 1796: made commander of French army in Italyarmy in Italy

1797: returned to France as a 1797: returned to France as a conquering heroconquering hero Given command of force training to invade Given command of force training to invade

EnglandEngland Invaded Invaded Egypt and IndiaEgypt and India to cut off to cut off

England’s supplyEngland’s supply abandoned his troops to return to abandoned his troops to return to

ParisParis coup d’etat of unpopular Directory in coup d’etat of unpopular Directory in

17991799

Napoleon’s Military CareerNapoleon’s Military Career

Young Napoleon and the Egypt Campaign

French French Conquests Conquests during the during the

Revolutionary Revolutionary WarsWars

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Napoleon’s Meteoric RiseNapoleon’s Meteoric Rise 1799: After coup, Republic 1799: After coup, Republic

of France (of France (ConsulateConsulate) ) proclaimed - new proclaimed - new constitutionconstitution Bicameral LegisltureBicameral Legislture Executive power in hands of Executive power in hands of

three consulsthree consuls Elected Elected First ConsulFirst Consul

Article 42Article 42 1802: 1802: First Consul for lifeFirst Consul for life 1804 Crowns 1804 Crowns himself himself

Emperor Napoleon IEmperor Napoleon I

Hmpf!

Emperor Napoleon I - Meaning of Images?Emperor Napoleon I - Meaning of Images?

Napoleon “shocker”

Napoleon’s Domestic Policies Napoleon’s Domestic Policies Napoleon claimed to have preserved the Napoleon claimed to have preserved the

Revolution - did he?Revolution - did he? Napoleon and Napoleon and Concordat of 1801Concordat of 1801 Code Napoleon or Civil CodeCode Napoleon or Civil Code

Preserved some Enlightenment principlesPreserved some Enlightenment principles Curtailed rights of womenCurtailed rights of women

State bureaucracy - State bureaucracy - prefectsprefects TaxationTaxation Meritocracy?Meritocracy? Depotism?Depotism?

CensorshipCensorship Germaine de StaelGermaine de Stael

Napoleon’s ConquestsNapoleon’s Conquests When Napoleon took power in 1799, France was battling a When Napoleon took power in 1799, France was battling a

coalition that included Russia, Britain and Austriacoalition that included Russia, Britain and Austria Initially, Napoleon brought peace to France in 1802, but the Initially, Napoleon brought peace to France in 1802, but the

peace did not lastpeace did not last By 1803, Napoleon was fighting a new coalition of Britain, By 1803, Napoleon was fighting a new coalition of Britain,

Austria and RussiaAustria and Russia Battle of UlmBattle of Ulm 1805 1805 AusterlitzAusterlitz

Prussia entered coalition when Napoleon began Prussia entered coalition when Napoleon began reorganizing German statesreorganizing German states JenaJena and and AuerstadtAuerstadt 10/1806 10/1806 EylauEylau and and FriedlandFriedland in 1807 in 1807

Napoleon had defeated all the Continental members of the Napoleon had defeated all the Continental members of the coalition, and moved to create a new European ordercoalition, and moved to create a new European order

Napoleon’s Grand EmpireNapoleon’s Grand Empire

By 1810, France was an empire whose boundaries had absorbed many small states to its east. Other states By 1810, France was an empire whose boundaries had absorbed many small states to its east. Other states were French allies or dependencies. were French allies or dependencies. In all of Europe only Britain, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Ottoman In all of Europe only Britain, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Ottoman Empire remained independent.Empire remained independent. Napoleon’s domination of Europe rivaled Charlemagne’s and ancient Rome’s. Napoleon’s domination of Europe rivaled Charlemagne’s and ancient Rome’s.

Napoleon’s Grand EmpireNapoleon’s Grand Empire Required obedience, but also instituted Required obedience, but also instituted

Enlightened practicesEnlightened practices Attempted to destroy the Old Order in the Attempted to destroy the Old Order in the

inner core of his empire and all inner core of his empire and all dependent statesdependent states

Appointed family members to administer Appointed family members to administer acquired statesacquired states

Trouble for the Grand EmpireTrouble for the Grand Empire Great BritainGreat Britain

Naval powerNaval power Combined with Spanish - Combined with Spanish -

TrafalgarTrafalgar off Iberian coast in off Iberian coast in 18051805

Napoleon’s Napoleon’s continental systemcontinental system Spread of Nationalism (Spread of Nationalism (fraternitefraternite))

Johann Gottlieb FichteJohann Gottlieb Fichte and German and German nationalismnationalism

Baron Heinrich von Stein Baron Heinrich von Stein andand Prince Karl von HardenbergPrince Karl von Hardenberg in in PrussiaPrussia

Fall of NapoleonFall of Napoleon Russia defected from Continental Russia defected from Continental

System, forcing Napoleon to invade in System, forcing Napoleon to invade in 18121812 600K French troops entered Russia 600K French troops entered Russia Russian troops retreated Russian troops retreated torchingtorching

everything everything Battle at Battle at BorodinoBorodino - slim but costly victory - slim but costly victory MoscowMoscow set ablaze set ablaze only 40K troops made it back to Poland only 40K troops made it back to Poland

1/18131/1813 Starvation, desertion, typhus, and suicide Starvation, desertion, typhus, and suicide

cost more men than battle! cost more men than battle! Russian defeat triggered a war of Russian defeat triggered a war of

liberation across Europeliberation across Europe Napoleon’s defeat 4/1814 and Napoleon’s defeat 4/1814 and

subsequent exile to subsequent exile to Elba Elba off Tuscan off Tuscan coastcoast

Louis XVIIILouis XVIII, brother of executed Bourbon , brother of executed Bourbon king, was restoredking, was restored

Fall of NapoleonFall of Napoleon King Louis XVIII was King Louis XVIII was

unpopular, however…unpopular, however… Napoleon got word of this and Napoleon got word of this and

staged his comeback, escaping staged his comeback, escaping form Elbaform Elba

His return to Paris in March His return to Paris in March 1815 triggered the “1815 triggered the “Hundred Hundred DaysDays”” Combined force of British and Combined force of British and

Prussian troops at Prussian troops at WaterlooWaterloo 6/18/18156/18/1815

Duke of WellingtonDuke of Wellington Exiled to Exiled to St. HelenaSt. Helena, dying , dying

there in 1821there in 1821

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions What role did the Enlightenment play in the What role did the Enlightenment play in the

American and French revolutions?American and French revolutions? After becoming a constitutional monarch, how did After becoming a constitutional monarch, how did

Louis XVI’s actions affect the French revolution?Louis XVI’s actions affect the French revolution? Compare the urban and rural revolutions in France.Compare the urban and rural revolutions in France. How did nationalism affect the French Revolution?How did nationalism affect the French Revolution? What changes in society were brought about by the What changes in society were brought about by the

French Revolution?French Revolution? Examine Napoleon’s rise to power. What lasting Examine Napoleon’s rise to power. What lasting

changes did his reign have on Europe?changes did his reign have on Europe?

Web LinksWeb Links

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution French RevolutionFrench Revolution Estates-GeneralEstates-General Louis XVILouis XVI Reign of TerrorReign of Terror RobespierreRobespierre Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code Duke of WellingtonDuke of Wellington