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Chapter 2 The Living Planet
The Solar System
•Solar System: consists of the sun, eight planets, other celestial bodies, comets and asteroids
•Comedy Strip: Nate Bargatze, “Science”
The Structure of the Earth
•INSIDE:▫core: center of the earth, made of iron
and nickel▫mantle: surrounds the core, several
layers, contains most of the earth’s mass
▫magma: molten rock▫crust: thin layer of rock at the earth’s
surface
The 4 Spheres
•OUTSIDE:▫Atmosphere: layer of gases surrounding
the earth, includes oxygen, protects the earth from radiation, and includes weather/climate
▫Lithosphere: the crust and uppermost mantle
▫Hydrosphere: the water elements on earth- oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and water in atmosphere
▫Biosphere: part of the earth where plants and animals live
Continental Drift (AKA Pangaea)• Earth was once a supercontinent that divided
and slowly drifted apart over millions of years
• Look at pg 29 in textbook• A GIANT PUZZLE
Section 2: Water/Landforms
•Water covers 71% of the planet•4 Major Oceans:
1. Pacific2. Atlantic3. Indian4. Arctic
•Ocean Motion1. Currents: like rivers flowing through the
ocean2. Waves: swells/ ridges produced by wind3. Tides: regular rises and falls of ocean
created by gravitation pull of the moon and sun
•Hydrologic Cycle: the continuous circulation of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth
•Lakes hold more than 95% of all fresh water supply on earth.▫Drainage basin: area of land that
contributes water to a stream or river- “the place where the water comes from”
Lake Baikal in Russia: Freshwater Great Salt Lake
•Landforms: naturally formed features on the surface of the earth▫23 key types: islands, marsh, mountain,
canyon, cliff, valley, glacier, prairie Ocean and continental
SECTION 3: Internal forces
•Plate Tectonics: giant moving pieces of the earth’s lithosphere(crust)▫Plates move= reshaping the earth▫Pg 37
Examples of 3 boundariesDivergent: Saudi
Arabia and Eygpt spreading making Red Sea even wider
Convergent: Himalayas are growing in India
Transform: San Andreas Fault
Fault: a fracture in the earth’s crustFault Line: where two plates move past each other
Earthquakes• Earthquake: violent movement of the earth as a
result of tectonic plates grinding or slipping past each other
• Seismograph: device that measures the size of the waves created by an earthquake
• Epicenter: point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus point
• Richter Scale: uses info collected by seismograph to figure out the strength of an earthquake (7.0, 9.9)
• Tsunami: a giant wave in the ocean caused by an earthquake
Haiti Earthquake: January 12, 2010, 7.0 , 316,000 killed
Nepal Earthquake: April 25, 2015, 7.9-8.1, 9,000 killed (23,000 injured)
Laupahoehoe Harbor, Hawaii• Tsunami hit April 1, 1946 • 159 people died (21 schoolchildren and 3 teachers)• 200 ft of ocean floor exposed
Volcano
•Volcano: a mountain or hill, usually conical, having a crater or vent where lava, rocks, and gas erupt from the earth
•Lava: magma that has reached the earth’s surface
•Ring of Fire: a zone around the rim of the Pacific Ocean where a majority of active volcanoes are found (Pg 37)
Mona Loa
-World’s largest active volcano
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii - One of the world’s most active volcanoes
SECTION 4: External Forces•Weathering: physical and chemical
processes that change the characteristics of rock
•Mechanical Weathering: processes that break rock into smaller pieces▫Water gets into a crack, freezes, and breaks the
rock apart•Chemical Weathering: process when rock is
changed into a new substance ▫Iron rusts (reacts to oxygen in the air and
crumbles)
•Erosion: weathered material is moved by the action of wind, water, ice, or gravity
•Delta: a fan-like landform created from sediment left over when a river enters the ocean
•Loess: yellowish-gray silt and clay sediment that produces very fertile soil (China)
•Glacier: large, long-lasting mass of ice that moves
•Moraine: a ridge or hill formed from left behind rock moved by a glacier
•Soil: loose mixture of rock, organic matter, air, and water that supports plant growth
•3 factors of soil fertility:▫1. Texture▫2. amount of Humus: organic material▫3. amount of air and water