CHAPTER 2

THE ELEMENTS OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR:

THEORYTREATMENTRESEARCH

THE ROLE OF THEORY IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

SIX THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES INFLUENTIAL TODAY

Biological Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic-Existential Community-Cultural

THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

GENETIC FACTORS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THE BRAIN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION NEUROPHARMACOLOGY PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

GENETIC FACTORS

Chromosomal anomalies Karotype

Genes The Human Genome Project DNA and penetrance Heritability Penetrance Behavior Genetics

Pedigree Studies

THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

BEHAVIOR GENETICS

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE NEURON

THE BRAIN

THE BRAIN

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Spinal cord

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Somatic System Autonomic System

THE NEURON Axons Dendrites Neurotransmitters

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION

Neuroanatomy Neuropathology Neurochemistry Neuropharmacology Neuropsychology

BRAIN IMAGING

COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CT)

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

(MRS) SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED

TOMOGRAPHY (SPECT) POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PT)

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY(PT SCAN)

THE PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE – SIGMUND FREUD

THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORY OF PERSONALITY STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL

DEVELOPMENT THE PSYCHIC APPARATUS ANXIETY DEFENSE MECHANISMS

FREUD’S MODEL OF THE MIND

THE PSYCHIC APPRATUS

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

HOW PSYCHOANALYSIS WORKS

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

DEFENSE MECHANISMS(continued)

RECENT APPROACHES TO PSYCHOANALYSIS

Carl Jung Alfred Adler Erik Erikson Ego Psychology Object Relations Self-psychology

THE BEHAVAIORAL PERSPECTIVE

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned

response Conditioned stimulus-conditioned

response OPERANT CONDITINING

Positive & negative reinforcers Punishment Schedules of reinforcement

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES Modeling & role playing

SOME MECHANISMS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE

THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

MALADAPTIVE THOUGHTS ARE THE CAUSE OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR

AARON BECK The goal of therapy is to help clients

restructure their thinking. Albert Ellis

Rational-emotive therapy helps clients question irrational beliefs and modify unrealistic thoughts.

FOUR QUESTIONS ASKED IN COGNITIVE THERAPY

THE HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE

THE HUMANISTIC VIEW People are striving toward self-

actualization. Carol Rogers

THE EXISTENTIAL VIEW Emphasis on self-determination,

choice, and individual responsibility. Viktor Frankl

THE COMMUNITY-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

Belief that maladaptive behavior results from inability to cope effectively with stress.

Focus on attempts to reduce maladaptive behaviors through preventive measures.

Causation theory Social selection theory Social roles Labeling

AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH

Each perspective is valuable to understanding maladaptive behavior.

Different perspectives are more appropriate under differing conditions.

Environmental and individual factors often interact to produce maladaptive behavior.