Chapter 2

Susan Solomon:

O3 is ________ which filters ___________ light

Chapter 2

Susan Solomon:

O3 is ozone which filters ultraviolet light

CFCs are _______ _______by upper atmospheric _________ releasing Cl, which ___________ breaks down ________.

CFCs are broken down by upper atmospheric radiation releasing Cl, which catalytically breaks down ozone

CO2 and methane are ___________ gasses

CO2 is also absorbed by the ocean forming ________ acid

CO2 and methane are greenhouse gasses

CO2 is also absorbed by the ocean forming carbonic acid

IPCC

IntergovernmentalPanel onClimate Change

4 major elements in the human body:1234

4 major elements in the human body:1. Oxygen _____%2. Carbon _____%3. Hydrogen _____%4. Nitrogen _____%

4 major elements in the human body:1. Oxygen 65%2. Carbon 18.5%3. Hydrogen 9.5%4. Nitrogen 3.3%

7 minor elements in the human body:1. _________2. _________3. _________4. _________5. _________6. _________7. _________

7 minor elements in the human body:1. Calcium ____ % ____2. Phosphorus ____ % ____3. Potassium ____ % ____4. Sulfur ____ % ____5. Sodium ____ % ____6. Chlorine ____ % ____7. Magnesium ____ % ____

7 minor elements in the human body:1. Calcium 1.5% Ca2. Phosphorus 1.0% P3. Potassium 0.4% K4. Sulfur 0.3% S5. Sodium 0.2% Na6. Chlorine 0.2% Cl7. Magnesium 0.1% Mg

What are some of the toxic elements contained in serpentine rocks1. ________2. ________3. ________

What is unique about the Tiburon Mariposa lily?

What are some of the toxic elements contained in serpentine rocksChromiumCobaltNickel

What is unique about the Tiburon Mariposa lily?It grows in serpentine soils

An amu is an ______ ______ ________, also called a _______

Neutron ~ ___ _________Proton ~ ___ _________Electron ~ 0 daltons (0.0005 Dalton)

An amu is an atomic mass unit, also called a Dalton

Neutron ~ 1 daltonProton ~ 1 daltonElectron ~ 0 daltons (0.0005 Dalton)

What is the stable isotope of Na? ___/___ Na – ___ extra neutron

What is the stable isotope of Na? 23/11 Na means 1 extra neutron

What is the stable isotope of H? _/_ H – ____ neutrons

What is the stable isotope of H? 1/1 H – no neutrons

A radioactive _________spontaneously releases neutrons and sometimes protons from the nucleus

A radioactive isotope spontaneously releases neutrons and sometimes protons from the nucleus

Up, charm top are all +2/3

Down, strange, and bottom are all -1/3

Proton is uud net +1Neutron is udd net 0

There are actually 6 quarks and 6 anti-quarksAnd 6 leptons and 6 anti-leptons

Common biological elements – memorize and see next slide• Oxygen 8, valence 2 (10-8) – 65%• Carbon 6, valence 4 (10-6) – 18.5%• Hydrogen 1, valence 1 (2-1) – 9.5%• Nitrogen 7, valence 3 (10-7) – 3.3%

Common biological elements – memorize and see next slide• Oxygen ___, valence 2 (10-8) – 65%• Carbon ___, valence 4 (10-6) – 18.5%• Hydrogen ___, valence 1 (2-1) – 9.5%• Nitrogen ___, valence 3 (10-7) – 3.3%

Common biological elements – memorize and see next slide• Oxygen ___, valence ___ – 65%• Carbon ___, valence ___ – 18.5%• Hydrogen ___, valence ___ – 9.5%• Nitrogen ___, valence ___ – 3.3%

Common biological elements

• Oxygen ___, valence ___ – ___%• Carbon ___, valence ___ – ___%• Hydrogen ___, valence ___ – ___%• Nitrogen ___, valence ___ – ___%

1st shell ___ orbital with ____ electrons2nd shell ___ orbital and 3 ____ orbitals with ____ electrons each

1st shell 1s orbital with 2 electrons2nd shell 2s orbital and 3 2p orbitals with 2 electrons each

1st 3 rows of periodic table

1st row ____ shells2nd row ____ shells3rd row ____ shells

Each columns has the same number of ________ _________

1st 3 rows of periodic table

1st row 1 shells2nd row 2 shells3rd row 3 shells

Each columns has the same number of valence electrons

Covalent bonds

• Single bonds share _____valence electrons (i.e. H2)• Double bonds share _____valence electrons (i.e. O2)• H2 and O2 are _____ _________ – not compounds• Attraction of an atom for the covalent electrons is called __________• H2 and O2 are ________ – equal electronegativity• H2O is _______ – O and H differ in electronegativity

Covalent bonds

• Single bonds share one valence electrons (i.e. H2)• Double bonds share 2 valence electrons (i.e. O2)• H2 and O2 are pure elements – not compounds• Attraction of an atom for the covalent electrons is called

electronegativity• H2 and O2 are nonpolar – equal electronegativity• H2O is polar – O and H differ in electronegativity

Ionic Bonds

• When a very electronegative atom encounters a not so electronegative atom it can strip off an ______ like Na and Cl• Na becomes a positive _______ and Cl becomes a negative ______• Then they are attracted to each other’s charge and form an _____

______• Called ______• Examples Na___ and ___Cl2

Ionic Bonds

• When a very electronegative atom encounters a not so electronegative atom it can strip off an electron like Na and Cl• Na becomes a positive cation and Cl becomes a negative anion• Then they are attracted to each other’s charge and form an ionic bond• Called salts• Examples NaCl and MgCl2

Weak Chemical Bonds

• _________ bonds:

• _____ _____ _____ interactions: Large shared ______ _____ and random minor _________

Weak Chemical Bonds

• Hydrogen bonds:

• Van der Waals interactions: Large shared surface area and random minor polarization

Molecular shape

• Except for simplest of molecules _______bonds cause _______ to take new shapes

Molecular shape

• Except for simplest of molecules covalent bonds cause orbitals to take new shapes

Molecular __________ is crucial in biology because it determines how biological molecules __________ and __________ to one another with specificity.

Molecular shape is crucial in biology because it determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specificity.

__________ drives the plant reaction:

6____ + 6_____ C6H12O6 + 6_______

Photosynthesis drives the plant reaction:

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 (glucose)

The point at which ________ offset one another exactly is called ________ ________ .

The point at which reactions offset one another exactly is called chemical equilibrium.

Cellular respiration

Takes ________ and ________ and produces ________ and ________ ________

Cellular respiration

Takes glucose and oxygen and produces water and carbon dioxide

End of Chapter 2