Chapter 2. Structure of China Geography

Chapter 2. Structure of China Geography

1.Boundary and Territory 1.1 Boundary and Neighboring Countries

Land Boundaries:22,000 km

• Borders 15 countries• Along with nine provinces (132 counties)

• Coastline:18000km• With Japan, North Korea, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and other countries across the sea (with the “ 目” font development)

•Island Coastline: 14000km •Eastest Island : Diaoyu Islands, Chek Mei Lantau

Russia

Kazakstan

Mongolia

North Korea

Afghanistan

Pakistan

IndiaBurma

Neighboring C

outries

• Land Area ： 9,600,000km2 ， Land power, China is a mountainous country

• Ocean Area ： 3,000,000km2 （ Four Large Seas ）　　　　　　 Dec 10th 1982 ： UNCLOS

Nov 16th 1994 ： Entered into force, the establishment of

new marine order. • Important Changes

State territorial rights extended from 3 nautical mile to 12 nautical mile

Designated 200-nautical mile as Exclusive Economic Zone Delimited 35.8% of the world's sea as coastal countries

World seabed and its resources for the common heritage of mankind

Territory Area ： 960+300=1260 （ ten thousand km2 ）

1.2 Territory Area:

The Composition and Division of the Sea under the Jurisdiction of P.R.China

——China's Sea as National Territory （ Editor:Qian Yan-ping, Ocean Press ， 1998 ）

The Composition and Division of the Sea under the Jurisdiction of P.R.China

——China's Sea as National Territory （ Editor:Qian Yan-ping, Ocean Press ， 1998 ）

•The maximum seas under the jurisdiction of China : inland sea , ports, territorial sea,contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf•The maximum seas under the jurisdiction of China : inland sea , ports, territorial sea,contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf

World's oceans and seas are divided into regions under the international

jurisdiction and national jurisdiction

World's oceans and seas are divided into regions under the international

jurisdiction and national jurisdiction

?

Ports

Inland Sea

Territorial S

ea Baselin

e

Continental Shelf

Exclusive Economic Zone

Contiguous Zone

Territorial Sea

Mare Liberum

The Composition and Division of the Sea under the Jurisdiction of P.R.China 1

—— Inland Sea of China


—— Inland Sea of China

Including : national port, the gulf, the strait and the other sea within the territorial sea baseline

Including : national port, the gulf, the strait and the other sea within the territorial sea baseline

Legal status equivalent of the country’s lake and river, owning the

absolute sovereign right

Legal status equivalent of the country’s lake and river, owning the

absolute sovereign right

Land

Inlan

d S

ea

OceanTerritorial S

ea Baselin

e


—— Territorial Sea of China


—— Territorial Sea of China

Law of the PRC on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone and international convention in 1992:Territorial seas including 12 nautical miles from the baselines of the territorial sea waters.


Divide Territorial Sea UsingStraight Baselines Method

Divide Territorial Sea UsingStraight Baselines Method

Normal Baselines Method

Straight Baselines Method

China owning sovereign rights of biological and non- biological resources of territorial seas ; All states enjoy free shipping home rights without

victims through territorial seas.

China owning sovereign rights of biological and non- biological resources of territorial seas ; All states enjoy free shipping home rights without

victims through territorial seas.

Territorial Sea Line

Territorial Sea Baseline(The lowest ebb line)

Territorial Sea Width

Territorial Sea Line

Territorial SeaTerritorial Sea Width

Territorial Sea Baseline

Land

Inland Sea


——Contiguous Zone of China


——Contiguous Zone of China



Inland Sea

Territorial S

ea Baselin

e

Territorial S

ea Lin

e

contigu

ous zon

e

Ocean

Baseline width of the territorial sea beyond territorial seas: not exceeding 24 nautical miles

Baseline width of the territorial sea beyond territorial seas: not exceeding 24 nautical miles

Law : Owning the right to prevent and punish the violation of security, customs, financial, sanitation or immigration laws in its land territory, inland sea or territorial waters, and regulations.

Law : Owning the right to prevent and punish the violation of security, customs, financial, sanitation or immigration laws in its land territory, inland sea or territorial waters, and regulations.


——Exclusive Economic Zone of China


——Exclusive Economic Zone of China

Legal status : State of all its natural resources owning the rights of exploration, exploitation, conservation and utilization; other states enjoy their flight and navigation as well as the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and other free rights.

Legal status : State of all its natural resources owning the rights of exploration, exploitation, conservation and utilization; other states enjoy their flight and navigation as well as the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and other free rights.

Our Exclusive Economic Zone severe problems (interference with the sovereignty of

neighboring countries on the South China Sea; width of Yellow Sea and East China Sea)

Our Exclusive Economic Zone severe problems (interference with the sovereignty of

neighboring countries on the South China Sea; width of Yellow Sea and East China Sea) Inlan

d Sea

Ocean

Territorial S

ea

The width of the territorial sea beyond the territorial sea baseline should not

exceed 200 nautical miles

The width of the territorial sea beyond the territorial sea baseline should not

exceed 200 nautical miles

The Composition and Division of the Sea under the Jurisdiction of P.R.China 5——Mare Liberum

The Composition and Division of the Sea under the Jurisdiction of P.R.China 5——Mare Liberum

Management of all sea area outside national sea area, the common heritage of humankind Management of all sea area outside national sea area, the common heritage of humankind

Regions under the National Jurisdiction Regions under the international Jurisdiction

Mare Liberum

International Seabed

2. View China from Outer Space

2.1 Flying to View China （ Video ）

Snow line (m)

2.2 View China Land from Satellite

Information Sources: Landsat1\2\3;MSS

Height 750-900km Standard false color composite

584 multimaps merging

•Scale series : 1:100 0,000 -1:6000,000•Editor: Chen Shupeng

• Science Press

Remote Sensing Image of China

Identification of Chinese Remote Sensing Image

• Spatial Resolution ： 79M—Basic Geographical Unit 　　　　　　 Area of one map ： 34,000 square kilometers - macro

• Spectrum Resolution ： Multi-spectral (not concluding visible-light )

mixed pixel -Geographic integration

• Spatial Resolution :

period ： 18 days—dynamic monitoring quasi-synchronous ： Hour in the Northern Hemisphere 9

to 10 time clock—third dimension

• Standard and Quantitive Information in the World

Resolution and its Geographical Significance ：

• Geomorphologic Level

• Hydrological Level • Land Use and Cover Level

• Climate level

Reading Chinese Remote Sensing Image

Location Contrast between China and America Location Contrast between China and America

Geographic PerspectiveGeographic Perspective““Who can Raise Chinese People”Who can Raise Chinese People”

Homework

Theme

1. Two Important Publications in 19951. Two Important Publications in 1995

•Who will Feed China – Wake up Call for a Small Planet Who will Feed China – Wake up Call for a Small Planet Lester R.BrownLester R.Brown （（ Director,World Surveying Institution of Director,World Surveying Institution of

AmericaAmerica ））

•China’s Agricultural Development ReportChina’s Agricultural Development Report 9595 （（ White Paper on China's AgricultureWhite Paper on China's Agriculture ）） Liu Jiang (China Agriculture Minister)Liu Jiang (China Agriculture Minister)

Chinese leaders concerned about China's future and the Chinese leaders concerned about China's future and the world politicians, scientists, economists, and the eyes of the world politicians, scientists, economists, and the eyes of the

world 1/5 towards the country with a large population.world 1/5 towards the country with a large population.

Geographic PerspectiveGeographic Perspective““Who will feed China”Who will feed China”

Geographic PerspectiveGeographic Perspective““Who will feed China”Who will feed China”Theme

Analysis of Book Skin Analysis of Book Skin that Brown Chosenthat Brown Chosen

AgricultureAgriculture

？？

RuralRural ？？

FarmerFarmer ？？

ChineseChinese ？？

Lagging Farming FashionLagging Farming FashionLagging Farming FashionLagging Farming Fashion

Poor minority areas, Poor minority areas, traditional agriculturetraditional agriculturePoor minority areas, Poor minority areas,

traditional agriculturetraditional agriculture

38 6138 6138 6138 61

PoorPoorPoorPoor

2. Brown's Main Point of View (Pessimism)2. Brown's Main Point of View (Pessimism)

Future : Chinese people can not feed themselves (Chinese Food Panic) Who can not feed Chinese people (World Food Panic)

Future : Chinese people can not feed themselves (Chinese Food Panic) Who can not feed Chinese people (World Food Panic)

2 ） China will have 1.6 billion people in 2030.we must rely on food imports, which attracts worldwide grain price has been inflated. Weather China has the ability to buy foreign food and which country can provide China with food.

2 ） China will have 1.6 billion people in 2030.we must rely on food imports, which attracts worldwide grain price has been inflated. Weather China has the ability to buy foreign food and which country can provide China with food.

1 ） From the 1990s to 2030, China will follow industrialization path

of Japan and Korea in 1950-1990,with worker-peasant contradictions,

Significant decline in per capita arable land, food needs contradiction.

1 ） From the 1990s to 2030, China will follow industrialization path

of Japan and Korea in 1950-1990,with worker-peasant contradictions,

Significant decline in per capita arable land, food needs contradiction.

3. Survey Brown's View from the Perspective of Geography3. Survey Brown's View from the Perspective of Geography 3. Survey Brown's View from the Perspective of Geography3. Survey Brown's View from the Perspective of Geography

1 ） The model of industrialization can’t be compared between small island and land power country. Limiting factors in grain output are essentially different, the former, land quantitative restrictions, the latter, land quality restrictions.

1 ） The model of industrialization can’t be compared between small island and land power country. Limiting factors in grain output are essentially different, the former, land quantitative restrictions, the latter, land quality restrictions.

2 ） Chinese natural geographical diversity-industrialization process, food production geographical diversity, the impact of geographical differences is also large; And essentially different at small island state, can be complementary of regions, complementary of the worker-peasant.

2 ） Chinese natural geographical diversity-industrialization process, food production geographical diversity, the impact of geographical differences is also large; And essentially different at small island state, can be complementary of regions, complementary of the worker-peasant.

3) Overestimate China's per-capita appropriation level

10,644 U.S. dollars China's per capita GDP in 2030, (amounting to lower than the current per capita GDP of Japan at 6% growth rate (1998 to 32,380 U.S. dollars in Japan; Shanghai, China for 3,000 U.S. dollars), not owning Japan's import capacity.

3) Overestimate China's per-capita appropriation level

10,644 U.S. dollars China's per capita GDP in 2030, (amounting to lower than the current per capita GDP of Japan at 6% growth rate (1998 to 32,380 U.S. dollars in Japan; Shanghai, China for 3,000 U.S. dollars), not owning Japan's import capacity.

4 ） Chinese consumption levels may be corresponding with the industrialization level of the current Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou in 2030.

4 ） Chinese consumption levels may be corresponding with the industrialization level of the current Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou in 2030.

4. Chinese People can Feed Themselves4. Chinese People can Feed Themselves

1 ） China has the ability to solve food needs problems.

2 ） The basis of Brown’s perspective is inadequate or even wrong

3 ） Chinese people can feed themselves

1 ） China has the ability to solve food needs problems.

2 ） The basis of Brown’s perspective is inadequate or even wrong

3 ） Chinese people can feed themselves

5. 5. Who are feeding American PeopleWho are feeding American People （（ Chen BaimingChen Baiming ，， 19981998 ）） 5. 5. Who are feeding American PeopleWho are feeding American People （（ Chen BaimingChen Baiming ，， 19981998 ）） What materials are America relying on to maintain the

standard of living and economic development capacity? 1) Strongly dependent on the resources of the world (per capita

energy consumption four times of per capita in the world) 2) The high pollution emissions to the environment (U.S. CO2 emissions accounting for 23.7% of the world total, 5.15 times per capita for the world in 1995) 3) The living standard with high consumption.

What materials are America relying on to maintain the standard of living and economic development capacity?

1) Strongly dependent on the resources of the world (per capita energy consumption four times of per capita in the world) 2) The high pollution emissions to the environment (U.S. CO2 emissions accounting for 23.7% of the world total, 5.15 times per capita for the world in 1995) 3) The living standard with high consumption.

• Theme : Similarities and differences of geographical location between China and the United States and analysis features preliminarily

• Methods : Reading maps and analysis, comparison with tables • Ability Training : The ability to obtaining information from the map

• Requirements : Two people every group to discuss, hand up one hom

ework

Homework ： Location Contrast between China and America

• Related Website

•http://www.china-ns.com/•http://www.mlr.gov.cn/index.jsp•http://www.cng.com.cn•http://www.dlpd.com•http://www.digitalearth.net.cn/C-index1.htm•http://www.nrscc.gov.cn/

http://www.china-ns.com/

http://www.mlr.gov.cn/index.jsp








http://www.cng.com.cn/




http://www.dlpd.com/

http://www.digitalearth.net.cn/C-index1.htm

http://www.nrscc.gov.cn/

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Chapter 2. Structure of China Geography