Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Speech SoundsSpeech SoundsPhonetics and PhonologyPhonetics and PhonologyPhonetics: the study of soundsPhonetics: the study of sounds- The production of speechThe production of speech- The sounds of speechThe sounds of speech- The description and classification of speech The description and classification of speech

sounds, words and connected speech, etc. sounds, words and connected speech, etc. - It focuses on chaos.It focuses on chaos.

Phonetics studies the characteristics of Phonetics studies the characteristics of human speech sounds and provides human speech sounds and provides methods for their description, methods for their description, classification and transcription. classification and transcription.

Speech SoundsSpeech SoundsPhonology: the study of sound patternsPhonology: the study of sound patterns- The rules governing the structure, The rules governing the structure,

distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllablesand the shape of syllables

- It deals with the sound system of a language It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of by treating phoneme as the point of departure.departure.

- It focuses on order. It focuses on order.

Speech SoundsSpeech SoundsThree mains areas in phoneticsThree mains areas in phoneticsArticulatory phoneticsArticulatory phonetics: : the production of the production of

speech soundsspeech soundsAcoustic phoneticsAcoustic phonetics: the physical properties of : the physical properties of

the sounds produced in speechthe sounds produced in speechAuditory phonetics:Auditory phonetics: the perception of speech the perception of speech

soundssounds

Speech SoundsSpeech SoundsSpeech organs (Vocal organs)Speech organs (Vocal organs)- LUNGSLUNGS- TRACHEATRACHEA- THROAT THROAT (Pharynx and Larynx)(Pharynx and Larynx)- NOSENOSE- MOUTHMOUTH (Tongue and parts of palate)(Tongue and parts of palate)

Three cavities of the VOCAL TRACTThree cavities of the VOCAL TRACT - Pharynx Pharynx （咽腔）（咽腔）- Mouth (Mouth (ORAL CAVITYORAL CAVITY))- Nose (Nose (NASAL CAVITYNASAL CAVITY))The energy sources of speech sounds is The energy sources of speech sounds is

anan AIRSTREAMAIRSTREAM. .

VOICELESS and VOICEDVOICELESS and VOICED- VoicelessVoiceless: When the vocal folds are : When the vocal folds are apartapart, the , the

air can pass through easily.air can pass through easily.- VoicedVoiced: When the vocal folds are : When the vocal folds are closedclosed

together, they are caused to be vibrated by together, they are caused to be vibrated by the airstream.the airstream.

The Upper Part of the mouthThe Upper Part of the mouth- UPPER LIPUPPER LIP- UPPER TEETHUPPER TEETH- ALVEOLAR RIDGEALVEOLAR RIDGE ： 齿龈： 齿龈- HARD PALATEHARD PALATE ： 硬腭： 硬腭- SOFT PALATE ( VELUM)SOFT PALATE ( VELUM) ：软腭：软腭- UVULAUVULA ：小舌：小舌

The Bottom Part of the mouthThe Bottom Part of the mouth- LOWER LIPLOWER LIP- LOWER TEETHLOWER TEETH- TONGUE TONGUE (TIP, BLADE, FRONT, BACK, (TIP, BLADE, FRONT, BACK,

and ROOT) and ROOT) - MANDIBLE MANDIBLE （下颚（下颚 // 下颌）下颌）

Phonetic transcriptionPhonetic transcriptionIPA IPA ( International Phonetic Alphabet) ( International Phonetic Alphabet) The first version of the IPAThe first version of the IPA

- In 1886, proposed by Otto Jespersen- In 1886, proposed by Otto Jespersen

- In 1888, the first version of the IPA was published - In 1888, the first version of the IPA was published The present system of the IPAThe present system of the IPA: In 1920s, by Daniel : In 1920s, by Daniel

JonesJonesThe latest version of the IPAThe latest version of the IPA: in 1993 (revised) and : in 1993 (revised) and

in 1996 (corrected) in 1996 (corrected)

Consonants Consonants Manners of articulationManners of articulation- STOP (PLOSIVE) STOP (PLOSIVE) ：塞音（爆破音）：塞音（爆破音）- NASALNASAL ：鼻音：鼻音- FRICATIVEFRICATIVE ：擦音：擦音- APPROXIMANTAPPROXIMANT ：通音（近音）：通音（近音）- LATERALLATERAL ：边音：边音- AFFRICATEAFFRICATE ：塞擦音：塞擦音

Places of articulationPlaces of articulation- BilabialBilabial ：双唇音：双唇音- LabiodentalLabiodental ：唇齿音：唇齿音- DentalDental ：齿音：齿音- AlveolarAlveolar ：齿龈音：齿龈音- PostalveolarPostalveolar ：后龈音：后龈音- PalatalPalatal ：硬颚音：硬颚音- VelarVelar ：软腭音：软腭音- GlottalGlottal ：声门音：声门音

Description of English consonantsDescription of English consonants

[p]: voiceless bilabial stop[p]: voiceless bilabial stop

[b]: voiced bilabial stop[b]: voiced bilabial stop

[s]: voiceless alveolar fricative[s]: voiceless alveolar fricative

[z]: voiced alveolar fricative[z]: voiced alveolar fricative

Vowels Vowels Four criteria to description of vowelsFour criteria to description of vowels- FRONT, CENTRAL, and BACKFRONT, CENTRAL, and BACK : the part of tongue that is : the part of tongue that is

raised)raised)- HIGH, MIDHIGH, MID (MID-HIGH, MID-LOW), and (MID-HIGH, MID-LOW), and LOWLOW ：： the the

extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palateextent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate- ROUNDING and SPREADINGROUNDING and SPREADING: the kind of opening made at : the kind of opening made at

the lipsthe lips- OPENOPEN, , CLOSE, CLOSE, and and SEMI-OPENSEMI-OPEN vowels : how wide the vowels : how wide the

mouth is opened in the production. mouth is opened in the production. - LONGLONG vowels and vowels and SHORT SHORT vowels: the length of the vowels vowels: the length of the vowels

Broad Transcription and Narrow Broad Transcription and Narrow TranscriptionTranscription

Broad Transcription: Broad Transcription: the use of simple set of the use of simple set of symbols in the transcriptionsymbols in the transcription

Narrow Transcription: Narrow Transcription: the use of more the use of more specific symbols in the transcriptionspecific symbols in the transcription

Phoneme and allophonesPhoneme and allophones

PhonemePhoneme- It is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that It is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that

can signal a difference in meaning. can signal a difference in meaning. - English has approximately 45 phonemesEnglish has approximately 45 phonemes- Phonemes are transcribed using the normal Phonemes are transcribed using the normal

set of phonetic symbols, but within ‘/ /’ set of phonetic symbols, but within ‘/ /’ instead of ‘[ ]’instead of ‘[ ]’

Minimal pairs Minimal pairs - Pairs of words which differ from each other only by Pairs of words which differ from each other only by

one sound one sound e.g. e.g. chunkchunk and and junk fail junk fail and and veilveil banban and and binbin fine fine andand vine vine sink sink and and zinc fanzinc fan and and vanvan site site andand side bet side bet and and batbat

Allophones Allophones

- - Aspirated [pAspirated [phh]] and and unaspirated [p=]unaspirated [p=] are are different phones and are variants of the different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/.phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are Such variants of a phoneme are called called ALLOPHONESALLOPHONES..

- - The allophones are in The allophones are in COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION because they never occur in because they never occur in the same context. the same context.

Some Phonological rulesSome Phonological rules /p/ →[p=] / [s] ________/p/ →[p=] / [s] ________

[p[phh ] elsewhere ] elsewhere /l/ → [l] / _________ V/l/ → [l] / _________ V

[[ll] / V ————] / V ————

Assimilation RulesAssimilation Rules

Nasalization RuleNasalization Rule [- nasal] → [+ nasal] / —— [+ nasal][- nasal] → [+ nasal] / —— [+ nasal] Dentalization Rule Dentalization Rule [- dental] → [+ dental] / —— [+ dental][- dental] → [+ dental] / —— [+ dental] Velarization Rule Velarization Rule [- velar] → [+ velar] / ——— [+ velar][- velar] → [+ velar] / ——— [+ velar]Devoicing Rule Devoicing Rule z → s / [- voiced, C] ________z → s / [- voiced, C] ________

SyllablesSyllables σσ

O(nset) R(hyme) O(nset) R(hyme)

N(ucleus) Co(da) N(ucleus) Co(da)

K l a s pK l a s p

Sonority ScaleSonority Scale

Most SonorousMost Sonorous 5 Vowels 5 Vowels

4 Approximants4 Approximants

3 Nasals3 Nasals

2 Fricatives2 FricativesLeast SonorousLeast Sonorous 1 Stops 1 Stops

Stress Stress Word Stress and Sentence Stress Word Stress and Sentence Stress Primary Stress and Secondary StressPrimary Stress and Secondary Stress

Exercises and Discussion Exercises and Discussion QuestionsQuestions

1. Define the following terms briefly.1. Define the following terms briefly.

linguistics, arbitrariness, competence, linguistics, arbitrariness, competence, formalism, phatic communion, formalism, phatic communion, diachronic linguistics, assimilation, diachronic linguistics, assimilation, phonetics, allophones, voicedphonetics, allophones, voiced

Exercises and Discussion Exercises and Discussion QuestionsQuestions

2. What kind of evidence supports the 2. What kind of evidence supports the idea that language is culturally idea that language is culturally transmitted? transmitted?

3. What is the difference between langue 3. What is the difference between langue and parole? and parole?

Exercises and Discussion Exercises and Discussion QuestionsQuestions

4. For each group of sounds listed below, 4. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature or features state the phonetic feature or features which they share. which they share.

[f] [v] [t] [d] [s] [z][f] [v] [t] [d] [s] [z]

[k] [g] [w] [j] [l] [n][k] [g] [w] [j] [l] [n]

Exercises and Discussion Exercises and Discussion QuestionsQuestions

5. The following sets of minimal pairs 5. The following sets of minimal pairs show that English [p] and [b] contrast in show that English [p] and [b] contrast in initial, medial and final positions, e.g.initial, medial and final positions, e.g. pit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cab.pit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cab. Find Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: pair of consonants given:

[b]-[v] [p]-[f] [k]-[g][b]-[v] [p]-[f] [k]-[g]

Exercises and Discussion Exercises and Discussion QuestionsQuestions

6. Provide syllable representations of 6. Provide syllable representations of the following wordsthe following words

- adapt- adapt

- corrode - corrode

- torment- torment