Chapter 2Chapter 2sec. 1sec. 1

The First The First CivilizationsCivilizations

Ancient Nile KingdomsAncient Nile Kingdoms•Many parts of the world contributed Many parts of the world contributed

to the Nile Civilizationto the Nile Civilization

•Hunting and Gathering 12,000 Hunting and Gathering 12,000 years ago/10,000 B.C.E.years ago/10,000 B.C.E.

•Plants cultivated in the NilePlants cultivated in the Nile– BarleyBarley– WheatWheat– CottonCotton

Nile CropsNile Crops

Physical SettingPhysical Setting

•Modern Egypt quite different from Modern Egypt quite different from ancient Egyptancient Egypt

•Today occasional green oasis but Today occasional green oasis but mostly desertmostly desert

•12,000 years ago/10,000 B.C.E. 12,000 years ago/10,000 B.C.E. covered by swamp landcovered by swamp land– Hippos, crocs & many animals Hippos, crocs & many animals

indigenous to Africaindigenous to Africa

Two Sections of the NileTwo Sections of the Nile

• White Nile- Longest White Nile- Longest river in the worldriver in the world– Begins Lake VictoriaBegins Lake Victoria– Ends Mediterranean Ends Mediterranean

SeaSea

• Blue Nile-Blue Nile-– Begins Lake Tana in Begins Lake Tana in

EthiopiaEthiopia

•Nile Valley Nile Valley people people stretched out stretched out for 750 milesfor 750 miles

HerodotusHerodotus

•Greek Greek historian historian who said who said “Egypt is “Egypt is the gift of the gift of the Nile”the Nile”

Egyptian Horticulture Egyptian Horticulture

•Farmers/workersFarmers/workers– Planned work around foodPlanned work around food– Harvest crops before flood beginsHarvest crops before flood begins– Wait for water to soak the groundWait for water to soak the ground– Ground dries leaves fertile soil for Ground dries leaves fertile soil for

next cropnext crop

Egyptian TechnologyEgyptian Technology

•Sailing made it possible for Sailing made it possible for Egyptians to travel upstreamEgyptians to travel upstream

•Deposits of granite, Deposits of granite, sandstone, and limestone sandstone, and limestone were used for building were used for building materialsmaterials

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics• Ancient Egyptian Ancient Egyptian

writingwriting

• Rosetta StoneRosetta Stone– Translation of Egyptian Translation of Egyptian

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics– Discovered by Napoleon Discovered by Napoleon

Bonaparte’s French Bonaparte’s French officer in 1798 A.D.officer in 1798 A.D.

– 23 years later Jean 23 years later Jean Francois Champollion Francois Champollion deciphered itdeciphered it

Two Kingdoms of Egypt Unite Two Kingdoms of Egypt Unite Into OneInto One•Monarchy- Kingdom headed by one Monarchy- Kingdom headed by one

ruler (Both Upper and Lower Egypt ruler (Both Upper and Lower Egypt were Monarchies)were Monarchies)

•Menes, king of upper Egypt unites Menes, king of upper Egypt unites them(3200 B.C.)them(3200 B.C.)

•Successors crush rebellions, gain new Successors crush rebellions, gain new territories, regulate irrigation, and territories, regulate irrigation, and encouraged tradeencouraged trade

Birth of the PharaohsBirth of the Pharaohs

• Pharaoh= Means “Great House”Pharaoh= Means “Great House”-Led the government, served as judges, -Led the government, served as judges, high priest, and generals of the armieshigh priest, and generals of the armies

• Absolute/Unlimited PowerAbsolute/Unlimited Power-Still had a duty to protect and care for -Still had a duty to protect and care for

the people the people

DynastyDynasty

• Menes Founded the first dynasty or Menes Founded the first dynasty or family of rulersfamily of rulers

• 2 ways to end dynasty/family rule2 ways to end dynasty/family rule

-family is driven from power-family is driven from power

-When there is no family member left to -When there is no family member left to inherit ruleinherit rule

• Dynasties in Egypt lasted 2,500 yearsDynasties in Egypt lasted 2,500 years– From Menes to 300 B.C.From Menes to 300 B.C.

Three KingdomsThree Kingdoms

• These are dates in time for EgyptiansThese are dates in time for Egyptians– Old Kingdom Old Kingdom from 2650 to 2180 B.Cfrom 2650 to 2180 B.C

– Middle Kingdom Started 2040 B.CMiddle Kingdom Started 2040 B.C– New Kingdom 1570 B.C. till 1100 B.C.New Kingdom 1570 B.C. till 1100 B.C.

Old KingdomOld Kingdom

– Contributed to many scientific and Contributed to many scientific and artistic developments. (Built the artistic developments. (Built the Largest Pyramids)Largest Pyramids)

Middle KingdomMiddle Kingdom

• Started out under strong Rule. Started out under strong Rule.

• Hyksos took control earlyHyksos took control early

• Hyksos= Asiatic group took over Hyksos= Asiatic group took over 1650 B.C.1650 B.C.– -Hyksos overwhelmed the Egyptian -Hyksos overwhelmed the Egyptian

army with horse drawn chariots. army with horse drawn chariots. – - Ruled for over 100 years- Ruled for over 100 years

New KingdomNew Kingdom

• Egyptian Pharaohs reclaim the Egyptian Pharaohs reclaim the thronethrone

• Good Pharaohs through Ramses IIGood Pharaohs through Ramses II– Adopted horse drawn chariots from Adopted horse drawn chariots from

Hyksos peopleHyksos people– -Extended Egyptian territory and -Extended Egyptian territory and

creating an empirecreating an empire

HatshepsutHatshepsut

• First woman rulerFirst woman ruler

• Reigned from 1503-1482 B.C.Reigned from 1503-1482 B.C.

• Very successful rulerVery successful ruler

• Married Thutmose II (Half Brother)Married Thutmose II (Half Brother)

• Because thought of as gods Pharaohs Because thought of as gods Pharaohs usually married a sister or brother/ usually married a sister or brother/ half sister or brotherhalf sister or brother

Ramses IIRamses II

• AKA Ramses the GreatAKA Ramses the Great

• Perhaps the most powerful Egyptian pharaohPerhaps the most powerful Egyptian pharaoh

• Brought Egypt to its peakBrought Egypt to its peak

• Conquered many regions & defended against Conquered many regions & defended against many invading tribes (especially the Hittites)many invading tribes (especially the Hittites)

• Constructed many great monuments and Constructed many great monuments and templestemples

• Reigned 1279-1213 B.C.Reigned 1279-1213 B.C.

Egyptian QuizEgyptian Quiz

1.1. What allowed the Egyptian people to grow What allowed the Egyptian people to grow two to three crops a year?two to three crops a year?

2.2. What continent is the Nile in?What continent is the Nile in?3.3. Who was the first Egyptian Pharaoh to unite Who was the first Egyptian Pharaoh to unite

the upper and lower Egyptian kingdoms?the upper and lower Egyptian kingdoms?4.4. Name the first and very successful woman Name the first and very successful woman

ruler of Egypt.ruler of Egypt.5.5. Name the Egyptian Pharaoh that was Name the Egyptian Pharaoh that was

probably the last very successful ruler of probably the last very successful ruler of Egypt.Egypt.