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Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics. Tectonic Plates of Earth. Pangaea. Pangaea: Pan = all Gaea = Earth Panthalassa Thalassa = sea AKA Tethys Sea. Continental Drift. Progressive breakup of Pangaea into modern continents Similar to sea ice. Wegner’s Evidence. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics
Tectonic Plates of Earth
Pangaea Pangaea:
Pan = all Gaea = Earth
Panthalassa Thalassa =
sea AKA Tethys
Sea
Continental Drift
Progressive breakup of Pangaea into modern continents
Similar to sea ice
Wegner’s Evidence Present-day
shorelines fit like puzzle pieces
Better fit from continental shelves
Fossil Evidence Identical fossils
present in S. Amer. & Africa
e.g. Mesosaurus
e.g. Glossopteris
e.g. Marsupials
Geologic Evidence Identical rocks on
different continents e.g. 2.2Ga igneous
rocks in Brazil & Africa
Similar Mountain Ranges e.g. Appalachian Mts
~ Caledonian Mts
Mesozoic Supergroup Identical
package of rocks & fossils found in S.Amer., Africa, Australia & Antarctica
Paleoclimatic
Evidence Paleo = ancient Climate =
weather conditions
Glacially transported sediments
Glacial striations
Rejection of Continental Drift Hypothesis
No evidence of continents “breaking through” oceanic crust
Tidal forces necessary would halt Earth’s rotation
Danish scientists found no astronomical evidence of drift from 1927-1948
Earth’s Magnetic
Field Similar to
bar magnet Magnetic
materials align themselves to magnetic field
N-S Orientation & Dip Magnetic
orientation has 2 dimensions North-South Dip angle
(Inclination) Curie point (T) Fossil Magnetism /
Paleomagnetism
Magnetic Inclination Magnetizatio
n = degrees from N pole
Magnetization + Latitude = 90°
e.g. Lavas from Puerto Rico show 75 ° from N pole & Puerto Rico = 15 ° from equator
Apparent Polar Wander
Seafloor Spreading
Paleomagnetism
Progression of Seafloor Spreading
Plate Boundaries
Plate Boundarie
s Correspond
s to Earthquakes & Volcanoes
Plate Boundarie
s Three Types
Divergent AKA
Rift Convergent
AKA Subduction
Transform AKA Strike-
slip
Divergent Boundaries AKA
Spreading Centers
AKA Rifts Largest
mountain chains
Plates move apart due to eruption of lava New lava =
new oceanic crust
Oldest oceanic crust 180Ma
Pillow Basalts Form when
lava extruded under water
Immediately outer layer freezes
New material pushes through like toothpaste
Continental Rifting Rifts also can form in
continental settings Linear depressions
Lakes, valleys, etc. Asthenosphere thins
due to tension e.g. East Africa Rift
Zone, Mt. Kilimanjaro
Continental Rifting (con’t) If tension
continues, eventually continental rift develops into oceanic spreading
e.g. Red Sea, Sea of Cortez
Convergent Boundaries Old oceanic crust
dense & heavy Heavy vs. light
=> subduction AKA destructive
margins Large earthquake
& explosive volcanoes
Melting triggered at ~100km depth
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
e.g. Virgin Islands, Japan, Philippines
Oceanic-Continental
e.g. Andes, MesoAmerica, Italy
Continental-Continental
e.g. India
Hot Spots
Caused by mantle plumes
Plumes do not move, plates do
Bend at 40Ma Major
change in plate motion
Relative Plate Motions Relative to
Hot Spots & other plates
Measure motions with Paleo-magnetism
Forces Driving Plate Motions Convectio
n of Mantle
Upwelling Mantle Ridge-
push Slab
Suction AKA
Slab-pull
Layer-Cake Model Two zones of
convection, above & below ~660km
Explains why mid-ocean ridge basalt different than hot spot basalt
Whole Mantle Convection Cold oceanic
crust descend to bottom of mantle, “stirring” it
Hot plumes rise from core-mantle boundary Bring “primitive”
mantle to surface Not popular b/c
complete mixing in 100s Ma
Deep Layer Model Heat from Earth’s
interior causes two layers to shrink & swell Similar to lava lamp
Small amt of material rises to surface to create hot spots
Little seismic evidence to support this model
Importance of Plate Tectonics
First theory to provide comprehensive view & explain: Earth’s major surficial processes Geologic distribution of earthquakes,
volcanoes & mountain ranges Distribution of mineral resources &
ancient organisms