Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter2:PhysicalGeography
Pg.39-68
LearningGoalsforChp 2:q ExplainhowtheEarthmovesinspaceandwhyseasonschange.q Outlinethefactorsthatinfluenceclimateandrecognizedifferentclimate
zones.q UnderstandhowforcesinsidetheEarthandonitssurfaceaffectthe
shapeoftheland.q Identifydifferentlandforms&waterways.q Describethewatercycleandhowitsavailabilityaffectslifeinvarious
regions.
Chapter 2, Lesson 1Planet Earth
4.6 billion years old and still changing!
Pg. 42-51
The Solar System –The Sun, 8 planets, moons & satellites
• Earth-like planets – Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars, (Pluto?)• Small, rocky, few moons,
rotate slowly• Jupiter-like planets –
Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus• Large balls of gas, many
moons, rotate quickly, have rings
Earthʼs Layers
• Core – inner is solid, outer is molten rock• Mantle – made of magma (melted rock)• Crust – 31-62 miles thick
4 Parts of the Earth’s Physical Geography
• Atmosphere – 100-mile thick layer of air (Mostly nitrogen & oxygen) around the earth that allows life to exist • Lithosphere - land• Hydrosphere – water • Biosphere - living things
Earthʼs Movement
• 1 day: 1 complete rotation on its axis• 1 year: 365 ¼ days of revolution around the sun• Leap year: every 4 years, 1 extra day is added to the year (Feb. 29) to
make up for the ¼ day
Earth’s Revolution & the 4 Seasons(Northern Hemisphere)
Weather & Climate:What’s the difference?• Weather –• short period of time – temperature, precipitation, & wind• Constantly changing
• Climate –• Typical weather over a long period of time• May change very slowly over a long time
What causes climate?• The Sun’s rays & latitude• Warmer near the Equator
• Wind (map pg. 47)• Prevailing winds & doldrums (“horse latitudes”)
• Ocean currents
What causes climate?
• Landforms• Mountains – can cause rain shadows by blocking precipitation
• Nearby bodies of water• Continental climate – inland climate with temperature extremes, between mild
and polar• Elevation
World Climate Zones
• Based mostly on temperature and precipitation• Have plants and animals unique to those regions• Tropical, Desert, Humid Temperate, Cold Temperate,
Polar, & High Mountain
Tropical Climate Zones
• Tropical Rain Forest - wet• Tropical Savanna – 2 seasons (wet & dry)
Desert
• Hot or cold
Humid TemperateClimate Zones• Experience 4 seasons with
a range of temp & precipitation
ColdTemperateClimateZones
• Shortsummersandcoldwinters
PolarClimate Zones
• Very cold and often year-round snow cover
High Mountain Climate Zones
• Temps change rapidly as altitude increases, but usually cool to cold
How Humans affect Climate
• Global Warming • Burning fuel causes high levels of certain gases in the atmosphere• These gases trap more solar radiation from escaping, warming the earth
• Clearing of rain forests for lumber and farmland• Burning trees causes air pollution• Less evaporation from trees à less rain
Chapter 2, Lesson 2A Changing Earth
Pg. 52-57
Forces that change Earth’s landforms
• Plate tectonics – theory that the earth’s crust is made of moving plates floating on liquid rock • Pangaea à
When Tectonic Plates Meet
• High mountains – 2 continental plates collide• Volcanoes & islands• Earthquakes along fault lines• Tsunamis – huge waves caused by undersea earthquakes
Weathering
• The breakdown of rock at or near the earthʼs surface into smaller and smaller pieces.• Produces boulders, pebbles, dust, etc.
Mechanical weathering• Water - freezes (expands) in rock cracks and splits
the rock• Plants - Seeds fall into rock cracks and split rocks
as they grow
Chemical Weathering
• Alters a rockʼs chemical makeup• Can change one kind of rock to a completely different kind!•Acid rain - water & carbon dioxide mix and dissolve rock
Acid Rain
Erosion
• The movement of weathered material such as gravel, soil, and sand• Caused by water, wind, & glaciers
Water Erosion• Moving water and
sediment wear away rock• Worn away rock and soil
is deposited in flood plains or deltas• Nile River delta à
Examples of Water Erosion
•Grand Canyon
Wind Erosion• Particularly severe in dry areas with little vegetation.
Glacial Erosion
• Glacier – a huge slow-moving sheet of ice• Moraine – ridge-like pile of debris left behind by a melted glacier
MoraineinStutsmanCounty
HumanActions
• Mining• Constructionoftunnels,canals,farms• Pollution• ChangestotheEarthbyhumanactionsareoftenmuchfasterthanbynature
Chapter2,Lesson3LandandWater
70% of the earth is covered by water!Pg.58-65
The Water Cycle• The total amount of water in the world doesn’t
change• Water Cycle:• water moves from oceansà air à ground à oceans
How the Water Cycle works
• Evaporation – the sun’s heat turns liquid water in the ocean into water vapor• Condensation – water vapor cools and changes back to a liquid• Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, hail• Collection – precipitation flows into streams & rivers and back into
the ocean
Types of Water Resources
• Saltwater – 97%• Oceans• Seas• Gulfs• Bays• Straits
• Desalination – removing salt from the water to make it drinkable
• Freshwater – 3%• Glaciers (polar ice caps)• Lakes• Rivers• Groundwater
Our water resources are
limited!
Water Scarcity
• What causes it?• Pollution• Drought/dry conditions• Over-irrigation• Wasting/overuse