POWER UP 2-1POWER UP 2-1

1. Explain the difference between an 1. Explain the difference between an electron and a proton. electron and a proton.

2.2. Name the particle that has a neutral Name the particle that has a neutral charge in an atom. charge in an atom.

MassMass AtomsAtoms Electrons and NucleusElectrons and Nucleus NucleusNucleus

Chapter 2Chapter 2Matter & Its Changes Matter & Its Changes

PART 1PART 1

2.1 Atoms2.1 Atoms Matter:Matter: anything that has mass and takes anything that has mass and takes

up spaceup space Taking up space = volumeTaking up space = volume

Matter comes in 4 states:Matter comes in 4 states: Solids:Solids: matter with definite shape matter with definite shape Liquids:Liquids: matter that has the ability to flow matter that has the ability to flow Gas:Gas: vaporized form of matter vaporized form of matter Plasma:Plasma: High Energy state of matter High Energy state of matter

All matter is made up of atomsAll matter is made up of atoms

Pgs. 32 - 37

The AtomThe Atom Atom:Atom: smallest particle of any element that smallest particle of any element that

has the properties of the elementhas the properties of the element Cannot be seenCannot be seen Only indirectly observedOnly indirectly observed Make up everything that has mass and Make up everything that has mass and

volumevolume

Parts of an AtomParts of an Atom Atoms are made up of 3 particlesAtoms are made up of 3 particles

Electron:Electron: particle that moves around the particle that moves around the nucleus forming a cloud of negative nucleus forming a cloud of negative charge (-)charge (-)

Proton:Proton: particle inside the nucleus with a particle inside the nucleus with a positive charge (+)positive charge (+)

Neutron:Neutron: particle inside the nucleus with particle inside the nucleus with no charge (neutral)no charge (neutral)

Electrons have almost no massElectrons have almost no mass Protons & neutrons have the same massProtons & neutrons have the same mass

1800 times heavier than an electron1800 times heavier than an electron

Electron CloudElectron Cloud

Electrons orbit a nucleus in areas known as Electrons orbit a nucleus in areas known as Electron Electron CloudsClouds

Electrons are found in energy levels (shells)Electrons are found in energy levels (shells) The farther from the nucleus a shell is, the higher the The farther from the nucleus a shell is, the higher the

energy levelenergy level The shell closest to the nucleus can only hold The shell closest to the nucleus can only hold 2 2

electronselectrons The second shell holds up to The second shell holds up to 8 electrons8 electrons The third shell holds up to The third shell holds up to 18 electrons18 electrons The fourth shell holds up to The fourth shell holds up to 32 electrons32 electrons Shells farther out hold up to Shells farther out hold up to 64 electrons64 electrons

Electrons try to arrange in pairsElectrons try to arrange in pairs

Helium Neon

Krypton

Ex: Magnesium (Mg) Ex: Magnesium (Mg) Atomic Number = 12 Atomic Number = 1212 protons, 12 electrons12 protons, 12 electrons

Shell #1 = 2 electronsShell #1 = 2 electrons Shell #2 = 8 electronsShell #2 = 8 electrons Shell #3 = 2 electronsShell #3 = 2 electrons

Total = 12 electronsTotal = 12 electrons

We can draw all atoms We can draw all atoms

in a similar stylein a similar style

ElementsElements Elements:Elements: substance made up of only 1 kind of atom substance made up of only 1 kind of atom

Cannot be broken down by physical or chemical meansCannot be broken down by physical or chemical means Use Symbols to represent elementsUse Symbols to represent elements

H H Hydrogen Hydrogen Fe Fe Iron Iron He He Helium Helium Au Au Gold Gold C C Carbon Carbon Na Na Sodium Sodium

Some are 1 letter, others are 2 or 3 lettersSome are 1 letter, others are 2 or 3 letters First letter is First letter is ALWAYSALWAYS capitalized capitalized 22ndnd and 3 and 3rdrd are lower case are lower case Prevents confusion: Prevents confusion:

Co Co Cobalt (element) Cobalt (element) CO CO Carbon Monoxide (Compound of Carbon Carbon Monoxide (Compound of Carbon

(C) & Oxygen (O)(C) & Oxygen (O)

Elements’ Names and Symbols:Elements’ Names and Symbols:

Some symbols come from the common nameSome symbols come from the common name O O Oxygen Oxygen N N Nitrogen Nitrogen Ne Ne Neon Neon

Some symbols come from the Some symbols come from the LatinLatin name name Fe Fe Iron (from Ferris) Iron (from Ferris) Na Na Sodium (from Natrium) Sodium (from Natrium) Pb Pb Lead (from Plumbum) “Plumber Lead (from Plumbum) “Plumber

Lead smith”Lead smith” Newest elements are produced in LabsNewest elements are produced in Labs

Names given by creatorNames given by creator Symbols usually 3 lettersSymbols usually 3 letters

All atoms of the same element must have the All atoms of the same element must have the same number of same number of protonsprotons

We use the number of protons to classify elements We use the number of protons to classify elements Number of protons is called: Number of protons is called: the atomic numberthe atomic number

Ex: All Hydrogen atoms have 1 protonEx: All Hydrogen atoms have 1 proton All Carbon atoms have 6 protonsAll Carbon atoms have 6 protons

Atoms tend to be electrically neutralAtoms tend to be electrically neutral Number of electrons = number of protons Number of electrons = number of protons

( -’s = +’s)( -’s = +’s) Number of neutrons can be differentNumber of neutrons can be different

Protons and Neutrons are made up of Protons and Neutrons are made up of quarksquarks 2 quarks = 1 proton or 1 neutron2 quarks = 1 proton or 1 neutron Quarks have silly names: up/down, happy/sad, etc.Quarks have silly names: up/down, happy/sad, etc.

Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table of ElementsElements are arranged on the Periodic Table of Elements

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Dimitri Mendeleev: Dimitri Mendeleev: Russian Chemist (1869)Russian Chemist (1869) Classified all known elementsClassified all known elements

1.1. Arranged elements by massArranged elements by mass

2.2. Noticed repeating patternsNoticed repeating patterns

3.3. Began a new row every time pattern beganBegan a new row every time pattern began Called arrangement: Called arrangement: Periodic Table of Periodic Table of

ElementsElements Periodic means Periodic means “to repeat”“to repeat”

Periodic Table:Periodic Table: elements arranged in rows elements arranged in rows according to atomic number and in columns according to atomic number and in columns by propertiesby properties

Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table

Element info.Element info.

Atomic Number:: # of Protons = # of electrons # of Protons = # of electrons Mass number:: Protons + Neutrons Protons + Neutrons Atomic Mass: Average mass of all isotopes for Average mass of all isotopes for

an elementan element NOT TO BE CONFUSEDNOT TO BE CONFUSED with Mass Number with Mass Number

(Protons + (Protons + Neutrons)Neutrons)

5B

10.81

Atomic Number

Atomic Symbol

Atomic Mass

Dimitri had some blanks in his table. He predicted Dimitri had some blanks in his table. He predicted these were undiscovered elementsthese were undiscovered elements

From the pattern on his table, he was able to From the pattern on his table, he was able to predict properties about the missing elementspredict properties about the missing elements

The Periodic Table gives information about The Periodic Table gives information about each elementeach element

1

H Hydrogen 1.00794

Atomic Number

Atomic SymbolElement NameAtomic Mass

Atomic Mass NumberAtomic Mass Number

Mass of an atom depends on the number of protons Mass of an atom depends on the number of protons (Atomic Number)(Atomic Number) and neutrons in its nucleus and neutrons in its nucleus

Protons + Neutrons = Protons + Neutrons = Mass NumberMass Number Ex: Carbon (C) Ex: Carbon (C) P = 6P = 6 N = 6N = 6 Mass = 12 Mass = 12

Sodium (Na)Sodium (Na) P = 11P = 11 N = 12N = 12Mass = 23Mass = 23

Iron (Fe)Iron (Fe) P = 26P = 26 N = 30N = 30 Mass = Mass = 5656

By using mass number and Atomic Number, the By using mass number and Atomic Number, the number of neutrons can be found number of neutrons can be found Potassium (K)Potassium (K) Mass = 39Mass = 39 Atomic Number = 19Atomic Number = 19 Mass Number – Atomic Number = NeutronsMass Number – Atomic Number = Neutrons

39 – 19 = 2039 – 19 = 20 Potassium has 20 Potassium has 20 neutronsneutrons

IsotopesIsotopes

All atoms of the same element must have the All atoms of the same element must have the same number of protons same number of protons (Atomic Number)(Atomic Number)

But, their number of neutrons can be differentBut, their number of neutrons can be different Isotopes:Isotopes: atoms of the same element with atoms of the same element with

different number of neutronsdifferent number of neutrons Ex: Hydrogen has 1 proton, but can have 0, 1, Ex: Hydrogen has 1 proton, but can have 0, 1,

or 2 neutrons = 3 isotopes (each having or 2 neutrons = 3 isotopes (each having different masses)different masses)

Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium

Carbon Isotopes:Carbon Isotopes:

Carbon has 6 protons; Carbon has 6 protons; Some have 6 neutrons, Some have 6 neutrons, Others have 8 neutronsOthers have 8 neutrons

Carbon – 12 (6 + 6) is normalCarbon – 12 (6 + 6) is normal Carbon – 14 (6 + 8) is an isotopeCarbon – 14 (6 + 8) is an isotope

Carbon – 14 is radioactiveCarbon – 14 is radioactive Used in carbon datingUsed in carbon dating

                                                                       

Drawing Atomic ModelsDrawing Atomic Models

1.1. Name AtomName Atom

2.2. Write number of protonsWrite number of protons

3.3. Write number of neutronsWrite number of neutrons

4.4. Draw shells and electron pairsDraw shells and electron pairsRemember how many electronsRemember how many electrons

each shell can holdeach shell can hold

(2, 8, 18, 32, etc.)(2, 8, 18, 32, etc.)

Carbon

P = 6N = 6

2.2 Combining Atoms2.2 Combining Atoms Atoms join by chemical bonds to form unique Atoms join by chemical bonds to form unique

substancessubstances How they join is importantHow they join is important

Hydrogen (H) Hydrogen (H) elemental gas ( elemental gas (ExplosiveExplosive)) Oxygen (O) Oxygen (O) elemental gas ( elemental gas (Needed for Needed for

combustioncombustion)) HH220 0 water ( water (puts out firesputs out fires)) HH220022 Hydrogen Peroxide ( Hydrogen Peroxide (Antiseptic & bleachAntiseptic & bleach) )

How atoms combineHow atoms combine Compounds form during Compounds form during chemical changes onlychemical changes only Atoms rearrange positionsAtoms rearrange positions Changes depend on Chemical ActivityChanges depend on Chemical Activity Based on electrons in outer shellBased on electrons in outer shell Atoms will always try to form stable bondsAtoms will always try to form stable bonds

Pgs. 38 - 43

Covalent bondingCovalent bonding produces produces molecules molecules

Ionic bondingIonic bonding produces produces compoundscompounds

YYEESS,,

there is a difference !!!!there is a difference !!!!

MoleculesMolecules Covalent bond:Covalent bond: formed by atoms sharing formed by atoms sharing

electrons producing a moleculeelectrons producing a molecule Molecule:Molecule: Neutral particle formed by sharing Neutral particle formed by sharing

of electronsof electrons This differs from ionic bonding in that it This differs from ionic bonding in that it

forms a new particle; ionic bonding is just an forms a new particle; ionic bonding is just an ordered grouping of ions held together by ordered grouping of ions held together by chargescharges

Many elements exist in nature as Many elements exist in nature as moleculesmolecules OO22, N, N22, H, H22, any halogen (diatomic , any halogen (diatomic

molecules)molecules) HH22O, HCl, and HO, HCl, and H22OO22

Electron SharingElectron Sharing

Atoms can share electronsAtoms can share electrons Ex: Chlorine gas (ClEx: Chlorine gas (Cl22) ) 2 Chlorines have 7 electrons in their 2 Chlorines have 7 electrons in their

outer shellouter shell Both want 8Both want 8

Electrons fit together like puzzle Electrons fit together like puzzle pieces, forming covalent bondspieces, forming covalent bonds

CompoundsCompounds

Compound:Compound: unique substance formed when unique substance formed when 2 or more elements combine chemically2 or more elements combine chemically Impossible to be separated by physical Impossible to be separated by physical

meansmeans Forms new substanceForms new substance Compound properties differ from the Compound properties differ from the

elements making it up elements making it up Ex: HEx: H220, NaCl0, NaCl

Elements always combine in specific ratiosElements always combine in specific ratios CO CO Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide 1:11:1 COCO22 Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide 1:21:2

Electron Loss and GainElectron Loss and Gain Compounds are formed by losing or gaining Compounds are formed by losing or gaining

electrons from their outer shellselectrons from their outer shells Ex: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)Ex: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Sodium (Na) has 1 electron in its outside shellSodium (Na) has 1 electron in its outside shell Atomic Number = 11 (2, 8, 1) Atomic Number = 11 (2, 8, 1) {Wants to lose {Wants to lose

1}1} Chlorine (Cl) has 7 electrons in its valence levelChlorine (Cl) has 7 electrons in its valence level

Atomic number = 17 (2, 8, 7)Atomic number = 17 (2, 8, 7) {Wants to gain {Wants to gain 1}1}

If Na loses 1 electron it will become stable (2, 8)If Na loses 1 electron it will become stable (2, 8) If Cl gains 1 electron it will become stable (2, 8, If Cl gains 1 electron it will become stable (2, 8,

8)8)

Na’s electrons is transferred to ClNa’s electrons is transferred to Cl Na now has 11 protons and 10 electronsNa now has 11 protons and 10 electrons

Giving Na a positive charge (+1)Giving Na a positive charge (+1)

Cl now has 18 electrons and 17 protonsCl now has 18 electrons and 17 protons Giving Cl a negative charge (-1)Giving Cl a negative charge (-1)

Na Na (+1)(+1) and Cl and Cl (-1)(-1) now have opposite now have opposite chargescharges They have become ions and opposites attractThey have become ions and opposites attract

Rule of 8Rule of 8

Atoms always try to form stable shellsAtoms always try to form stable shells Either they fill the outside shell or they Either they fill the outside shell or they

get 8 electronsget 8 electrons By sharing, gaining or losing electronsBy sharing, gaining or losing electrons

Full shells or 8 electrons in the outside Full shells or 8 electrons in the outside shell makes atoms happyshell makes atoms happy

Table Salt: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)Table Salt: Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Sodium (Na):Sodium (Na):

Shiny; clay like metal; reacts violently in Shiny; clay like metal; reacts violently in waterwater

Chlorine (Cl):Chlorine (Cl): Yellow-green gas, very toxicYellow-green gas, very toxic

Sodium Chloride (NaCl):Sodium Chloride (NaCl): white, crystallized white, crystallized solidsolid Seasoning for foodsSeasoning for foods Preservative & used for dehydration Preservative & used for dehydration

(water removal)(water removal)

Chemical formula:Chemical formula: a group of symbols that a group of symbols that represent a compoundrepresent a compound

Shows elements along with ratiosShows elements along with ratios The small “2” is called a The small “2” is called a subscriptsubscript

Is a number that shows how many atoms of Is a number that shows how many atoms of each element combine to form a compoundeach element combine to form a compound

Absence of a subscript means oneAbsence of a subscript means one

CO2

1 Carbon 2 oxygen

We use prefixes when naming compoundsWe use prefixes when naming compounds

Prefix tells the number of atoms per elementPrefix tells the number of atoms per element Carbon Carbon MonoMonoxide (CO) Vs. Carbon xide (CO) Vs. Carbon DiDioxide oxide

(CO(CO22)) Triethyl, DiMethyl Tolueen: (Moth Balls)Triethyl, DiMethyl Tolueen: (Moth Balls)

3 ethyl groups, 2 methyl groups & the 3 ethyl groups, 2 methyl groups & the compound Tolueencompound Tolueen

Prefix List:Prefix List:

Mono = 1 Tetra = 4Mono = 1 Tetra = 4 Hepta = 7Hepta = 7 Deca = 10Deca = 10

Di = 2Di = 2 Penta = 5 Penta = 5 Octa = 8Octa = 8

Tri = 3Tri = 3 Hexa = 6 Hexa = 6 Nona = 9 Nona = 9

Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas Use symbols to represent a compoundUse symbols to represent a compound Shows elements & ratioShows elements & ratio

Ex: CEx: C66HH1212OO66 Glucose Glucose

CC66 = 6 Carbons = 6 Carbons

HH1212 = 12 Hydrogens = 12 Hydrogens

OO6 6 = 6 Oxygens= 6 Oxygens

Ions and Ionic BondingIons and Ionic Bonding

Ion:Ion: a charged particle formed when an atom a charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electronsgains or loses electrons

Ionic Bonding:Ionic Bonding: the attraction between ions of the attraction between ions of opposite chargesopposite charges

Na Na (+1)(+1) joins with Cl joins with Cl (-1) (-1) = NaCl = NaCl

Calcium (Ca) also combines with Chlorine (Cl) to Calcium (Ca) also combines with Chlorine (Cl) to form ionic compoundsform ionic compounds

Calcium Carbonate (Ca ClCalcium Carbonate (Ca Cl22):): chalk chalk Calcium loses 2 electrons = +2 chargeCalcium loses 2 electrons = +2 charge 2 Chlorines each gain one electron = -1 2 Chlorines each gain one electron = -1

chargescharges

Cl Cl (-1) (-1) Ca Ca (+2)(+2) Cl Cl (-1)(-1)

Naming Binary CompoundsNaming Binary Compounds

Binary Compound:Binary Compound: two element compound two element compound

1.) Name of positive ion (metal) written first1.) Name of positive ion (metal) written first

2.) Negative ion name changed to end in 2.) Negative ion name changed to end in “ide”“ide” HCl HCl Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen Chloride KBr KBr Potassium Bromide Potassium Bromide NaCl NaCl Sodium Chloride Sodium Chloride KI KI Potassium Iodide Potassium Iodide

Composition of MatterComposition of Matter SubstancesSubstances

Elements:Elements: a piece of matter made up of a piece of matter made up of all the same kind of atomsall the same kind of atoms

There are 90 natural elements and There are 90 natural elements and over 20 man-made elementsover 20 man-made elements

Elements are listed on the Periodic Elements are listed on the Periodic Table of ElementsTable of Elements

Compounds:Compounds: a substance made up more a substance made up more than one kind of atom, in a specific ratiothan one kind of atom, in a specific ratio

Water is always 2 Hydrogen & 1 Oxygen Water is always 2 Hydrogen & 1 Oxygen (H(H220)0)

This 2:1 ratio never changesThis 2:1 ratio never changes Ammonia: 1 Nitrogen & 3 Hydrogens (NHAmmonia: 1 Nitrogen & 3 Hydrogens (NH33))

ElementsElements & & CompoundsCompounds are are SubstancesSubstances, , because they have a definite compositionbecause they have a definite composition

MIXTURE:MIXTURE: When 2 or more When 2 or more substancessubstances are are combinedcombined

Mixtures keeps the properties of each Mixtures keeps the properties of each substancesubstance

Mixtures Mixtures do notdo not have specific ratios have specific ratios Ice Tea Ice Tea Mixture (Tea mix, sugar, water) Mixture (Tea mix, sugar, water) Clothing Clothing Mixture (Cotton, Polyester, Mixture (Cotton, Polyester,

Wool, etc.)Wool, etc.)

2 Types of Mixtures2 Types of Mixtures Heterogeneous mixture:Heterogeneous mixture: Substances Substances not not

evenlyevenly spread out spread out Ex: Italian Salad Dressing (parts separate Ex: Italian Salad Dressing (parts separate

into layers)into layers) Homogeneous mixture:Homogeneous mixture: Substances Substances evenlyevenly

spread outspread out Also called a Also called a Solution Solution dissolved in liquid dissolved in liquid Ex: Ice Tea, Sea water, sodaEx: Ice Tea, Sea water, soda

SolutionsSolutions Homogenous mixturesHomogenous mixtures Particles Particles do notdo not settle out settle out Particles very small (.1 to 1 nanometer)Particles very small (.1 to 1 nanometer) Particles Particles cannotcannot be filtered out be filtered out Will not scatter lightWill not scatter light Particles will never separateParticles will never separate We call it being dissolvedWe call it being dissolved Ex: Soda, Ice tea, Salt waterEx: Soda, Ice tea, Salt water

Suspension:Suspension: Heterogeneous mixtureHeterogeneous mixture Particles are 1000 nm or bigger (dirt, sand, Particles are 1000 nm or bigger (dirt, sand,

pebbles, etc.)pebbles, etc.) Particles can be seen with a microscope or Particles can be seen with a microscope or

unaided eyeunaided eye Particles will settle out over time (By Particles will settle out over time (By

gravity)gravity) Ex: Italian Salad Dressing, Muddy waterEx: Italian Salad Dressing, Muddy water

Can scatter light (We see light rays)Can scatter light (We see light rays)

ColloidsColloids Homogenous MixtureHomogenous Mixture

Evenly distributed when viewed with a microscopeEvenly distributed when viewed with a microscope Particle size between solutions & suspensionsParticle size between solutions & suspensions

Between 1 & 1000 nm (Dust, Fine dirt, etc.)Between 1 & 1000 nm (Dust, Fine dirt, etc.) Particles will scatter lightParticles will scatter light Colloids have 2 interesting propertiesColloids have 2 interesting properties

Tyndall effect:Tyndall effect: ability of colloids to scatter light ability of colloids to scatter light When light passes thru colloids the beam can be When light passes thru colloids the beam can be

seenseen Dust, Smoke, and fog all have Tyndall effectDust, Smoke, and fog all have Tyndall effect Ex: Search light, Movie theaterEx: Search light, Movie theater

Brownian Motion:Brownian Motion: constant zig zag movement constant zig zag movement Dust randomly floating through the airDust randomly floating through the air

Tyndall Effect

CHAPTER 1 – PART 2CHAPTER 1 – PART 2

2.3 Matter2.3 Matter Property:Property: a characteristics of a substance a characteristics of a substance Physical Property:Physical Property: anything that can be seen or anything that can be seen or

measured without changing the make up of a measured without changing the make up of a substancesubstance Ex: Boiling Point, Freezing Point, Weight, Ex: Boiling Point, Freezing Point, Weight,

Color, Odor, Hardness, Density, Magnetic, Etc.Color, Odor, Hardness, Density, Magnetic, Etc. Observed by using the senses Observed by using the senses

(See, hear, touch, taste, smell)(See, hear, touch, taste, smell) No 2 substances have exactly the same No 2 substances have exactly the same

propertiesproperties Physical Properties are used to separate Physical Properties are used to separate

mixturesmixtures Sand and Marbles Sand and Marbles pick out biggest objects pick out biggest objects Sand and Iron Filings Sand and Iron Filings use a magnet use a magnet

Pgs. 44 - 51

Elemental Sulfur Chlorine Gas

Physical ChangePhysical Change Physical change:Physical change: process that does not change process that does not change

the chemical composition of a substancethe chemical composition of a substance Changes in size, shape, etc. but Changes in size, shape, etc. but NOTNOT what it is what it is

Breaking GlassBreaking Glass Cutting woodCutting wood Changing statesChanging states

Mixtures & solutionsMixtures & solutions can be separated by can be separated by physical meansphysical means

Ex: Salt water Ex: Salt water boil water and salt will be boil water and salt will be left left

Wire screen can be used to separate pebbles Wire screen can be used to separate pebbles from sandfrom sand

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties Chemical properties:Chemical properties: a characteristic that shows a characteristic that shows

how a substance reacts to form other substanceshow a substance reacts to form other substances Ability to burnAbility to burn is a Chemical Property is a Chemical Property CorrosionCorrosion (rusting, oxidizing, etc.) = Chemical (rusting, oxidizing, etc.) = Chemical

PropertiesProperties

Chemical ChangeChemical Change

Substance changes to a new substanceSubstance changes to a new substance Has totally different propertiesHas totally different properties Wood Burning:Wood Burning: changes into ash, gives off heat & Light changes into ash, gives off heat & Light Steel Rusting:Steel Rusting: iron joins with oxygen iron joins with oxygen Iron oxide forms Iron oxide forms Aluminum forming Aluminum oxide (similar to rusting)Aluminum forming Aluminum oxide (similar to rusting)

Chemical Changes Chemical Changes alwaysalways cause physical changes cause physical changes

3 Specific Chemical Changes3 Specific Chemical Changes Electrolysis:Electrolysis: electricity producing chemical electricity producing chemical

changeschanges Water separated into Hydrogen and Oxygen GasWater separated into Hydrogen and Oxygen Gas

Corrosion:Corrosion: metals chemically changed by metals chemically changed by combining with other materials (usually combining with other materials (usually oxygen)oxygen) Silver tarnishing: silver reacts with water and oxygenSilver tarnishing: silver reacts with water and oxygen

Combustion:Combustion: materials burning materials burning Organic matter contains Carbon, Hydrogen, OxygenOrganic matter contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen CC66HH1212OO66 Energy, CO Energy, CO22 & H & H22OO

Heat and Light are produced by the atoms rearranging, Heat and Light are produced by the atoms rearranging, and forming new compoundsand forming new compounds

CC66HH1212OO66 Glucose Glucose COCO22 Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide HH22O O Water Water

States of MatterStates of Matter

There are four states of matterThere are four states of matter Solids, Liquids, gases, plasmaSolids, Liquids, gases, plasma

Each states is determined by amount of Each states is determined by amount of energy energy Solid:Solid: minimal thermal energyminimal thermal energy Plasma:Plasma: highly energized, electrically charged highly energized, electrically charged

particlesparticles Plasma naturally occurs on the sun and as lightningPlasma naturally occurs on the sun and as lightning We create plasma in fluorescent lightsWe create plasma in fluorescent lights

The Normal States of MatterThe Normal States of Matter

Solids:Solids: definite shape, definite volume, definite shape, definite volume, definite massdefinite mass

Liquids:Liquids: definite volume, definite mass definite volume, definite mass NoNo definite shape (takes the shape of a definite shape (takes the shape of a

container)container) Gases:Gases: No No definite shape, definite shape, NoNo definite definite

volumevolume Fills entire space it is placed inFills entire space it is placed in Only has definite massOnly has definite mass

Plasma:Plasma: like gas, has no definite shape like gas, has no definite shape or volumeor volume

ENERGY

INCREASES

DENSITY

DECREASES

Bornite

Kinetic Theory of matterKinetic Theory of matter All matter is made of tiny particlesAll matter is made of tiny particles The particles are in constant motionThe particles are in constant motion Motion and spacing determine stateMotion and spacing determine state Higher temperature; more Kinetic Energy Higher temperature; more Kinetic Energy

causes faster the motioncauses faster the motion

SolidsSolids

Particles are packed very closely Particles are packed very closely togethertogether Particles vibrate back and forth but do Particles vibrate back and forth but do

not change positionnot change position Most solids form Most solids form crystalscrystals

particles form a repeating pattern particles form a repeating pattern Ex: snow, salt, sugar, diamondsEx: snow, salt, sugar, diamonds Crystals break forming flat sidesCrystals break forming flat sides

Amorphus solids:Amorphus solids: Particles do not form repeating patterns Particles do not form repeating patterns Ex: Glass, Butter, WaxEx: Glass, Butter, Wax

LiquidsLiquids

Particles close together, but free to move Particles close together, but free to move aroundaround

Allows liquids to flowAllows liquids to flow Viscosity:Viscosity: describes how fast a liquid can describes how fast a liquid can

flowflow High viscosityHigh viscosity = very thick, flows slowly = very thick, flows slowly

Tar, honey, cold syrup Tar, honey, cold syrup High Viscosity High Viscosity Low viscosityLow viscosity = runny, flows quickly = runny, flows quickly

Water, gasoline, milk Water, gasoline, milk Low Viscosity Low Viscosity

GasesGases

Gas have a lot of energyGas have a lot of energy Particles move freely in a straight lineParticles move freely in a straight line Mostly empty space between particlesMostly empty space between particles Particles change directions when they Particles change directions when they

encounter obstructions (they bounce)encounter obstructions (they bounce)

PlasmaPlasma

Highest energy state of matterHighest energy state of matter Formed from intense heat or electricity Formed from intense heat or electricity

ionizing gasionizing gas

Ironically it is the most common state in the Ironically it is the most common state in the universeuniverse

On Earth lightning is the only natural form On Earth lightning is the only natural form of plasmaof plasma

Change of StateChange of State

All Changes in state are physical changesAll Changes in state are physical changes

SolidSolidSolid to Liquid Solid to Liquid melting pointmelting point

Liquid to Solid Liquid to Solid freezing pointfreezing point

Liquid Liquid Liquid to Gas Liquid to Gas evaporation pointevaporation point

Gas to Liquid Gas to Liquid condensation pointcondensation point

GasGasTemp at which a liquid boils: boiling pointTemp at which a liquid boils: boiling point

SAMETemp

SAMETemp

Special Case:Special Case: Sublimation:Sublimation: when a solid goes directly to a when a solid goes directly to a

gas without becoming a liquid gas without becoming a liquid

OrOr A gas becoming a solid without being a A gas becoming a solid without being a

liquidliquid Examples: Frost, snow, dry iceExamples: Frost, snow, dry ice

2.4 Energy from Atoms2.4 Energy from Atoms Nuclear PowerNuclear Power

Most electricity in the US is produced from Most electricity in the US is produced from burning fossil fuelsburning fossil fuels

Nuclear Power is an alternative to fossil fuelsNuclear Power is an alternative to fossil fuels Nuclear energy is produced from splitting large Nuclear energy is produced from splitting large

atomsatoms FISSIONFISSION:: Splitting of large atoms into smaller Splitting of large atoms into smaller

atomsatoms Uranium FissionUranium Fission

Uranium-235 is a fissionable isotopeUranium-235 is a fissionable isotope After refining, it is placed in fuel rods to be used in After refining, it is placed in fuel rods to be used in

power plantspower plants The rods are placed in the reactor coreThe rods are placed in the reactor core Neutrons are fired at the rods Neutrons are fired at the rods splitting the splitting the

atomsatoms A chain reaction beginsA chain reaction begins High amounts of heat is releasedHigh amounts of heat is released The heat is used to boil water The heat is used to boil water producing steam producing steam The Steam turns a turbine connected to a The Steam turns a turbine connected to a

generator = electricitygenerator = electricity

Pgs. 54 & 55

Nuclear Power PlantNuclear Power Plant

Typical Nuclear Power Plant Design

2 Points of View2 Points of View Storing Nuclear Waste in Yucca Mountain:Storing Nuclear Waste in Yucca Mountain:

One major problem with nuclear energy is the wasteOne major problem with nuclear energy is the waste Nuclear Waste:Nuclear Waste: highly radioactive materials highly radioactive materials

Can remain radioactive for thousands of yearsCan remain radioactive for thousands of years Must be stored safelyMust be stored safely

Yucca Mountain, NevadaYucca Mountain, Nevada Selected as a possible Nuclear Waste disposal siteSelected as a possible Nuclear Waste disposal site Reasons for selection: Remote, Very little rain fall, Water Reasons for selection: Remote, Very little rain fall, Water

table very far below surface, & Land owned by US table very far below surface, & Land owned by US governmentgovernment

Search for Other locations:Search for Other locations: Geologists have theories that water movement is Geologists have theories that water movement is

very active in the area (percolation & upwelling)very active in the area (percolation & upwelling) Potentially could move toxic waste down to water Potentially could move toxic waste down to water

table, or up to the surfacetable, or up to the surface Earthquakes are also a concern (damaging Earthquakes are also a concern (damaging

containers)containers)